Useful plants in the Park Bandro and its surroundings, Lake Alaotra, Madagascar

Traditional use of plants constitutes an important activity in Malagasy life, especially in the countryside. The Sihanaka group is found in the east of  Lake Alaotra and is the dominant cultural group in the lake region, including in the Fokontany of Andreba Gara, near Park Bandro, in the east of  Lake Alaotra, in Ambatondrazaka district where the study was conducted. The Sihanaka holds traditional knowledge on plant uses and makes use of  this knowledge in their daily lives. The objective of this study was to describe the use of aquatic plants in the region to better understand the  importance of the Alaotra wetlands in the lives of local people. Surveys conducted among the people of Andreba, including one traditional chief (the Tangalamena) and one healer, revealed 55 useful species of aquatic plants, grouped into 41 genera and 23 families. Most species were used for their medicinal and veterinary virtues (32 species), for animal food (17 species), as utensils and tools (16 species), for cultural uses (10 species), and  for human food (9 species). Leaves (76%) are the most exploited plant parts. The species with the most uses were Cyperus papyrus subsp.  madagascariensis (Willd.) Kük. with 26 types of use recorded, then Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (19 types of use), Aeschynomene  elaphroxylon (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (12 types of use each). Nymphaea nouchali, Cyperus papyrus subsp.  madagascariensis and Phragmites australis were the species most frequently cited by informants, indicating that they are important for the local  population. The most frequently cited types of use included joro, namely ancestor’s invocation, food, materials for house walls construction, herbal teas to treat ailments, and fencing or demarcation of land boundaries. This study highlighted the importance of the Alaotra wetlands as a source of  useful plants for the local population. Sustainable management of Lake Alaotra is therefore not just necessary for biodiversity conservation, but also  for maintaining local livelihoods.   L’utilisation traditionnelle des plantes constitue une activité importante dans la vie des Malgaches, plus particulièrement dans les campagnes. Le  groupe Sihanaka est rencontré à l’est du lac Alaotra et constitue le groupe culturel dominant dans la région du lac, y compris dans le Fokontany  d’Andreba Gara, près du Parc Bandro, à l’Est du Lac Alaotra, dans le district d’Ambatondrazaka où l’étude a été menée. Les Sihanaka détiennent des  connaissances traditionnelles sur l’utilisation des plantes et utilisent ces connaissances dans leur vie quotidienne. L’objectif de cette étude était  de décrire l’utilisation des plantes aquatiques dans la région afin de mieux comprendre l’importance des zones humides de l’Alaotra dans la  vie des populations locales. Des enquêtes menées auprès de la population d’Andreba, y compris auprès d’un chef traditionnel (le Tangalamena) et  d’un guérisseur, ont révélé 55 espèces utiles de plantes aquatiques, regroupées dans 41 genres et 23 familles. La plupart des espèces étaient  utilisées pour leurs vertus médicinales et vétérinaires (32 espèces), pour l’alimentation des animaux (17 espèces), en tant qu’ustensiles et outils (16  espèces), pour des usages culturels (10 espèces) et pour l’alimentation humaine (9 espèces). Les feuilles (76%) sont les parties de plante les plus  exploitées. Les espèces ayant le plus d’utilisations étaient Cyperus papyrus subsp. madagascariensis (Willd.) Kük. avec 26 types d’utilisation  recensés, puis Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (19 types d’utilisation), Aeschynomene elaphroxylon (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. et Eichhornia  crassipes (Mart.) Solms (12 types d’utilisation chacune). Nymphaea nouchali, Cyperus papyrus subsp. madagascariensis et Phragmites australis  etaient les espèces les plus fréquemment citées par les informateurs, ce qui indique qu’elles sont importantes pour la population locale. Les types  d’utilisation les plus fréquemment cités comprenaient le joro à savoir l’invocation des ancêtres, l’alimentation, les matériaux pour la construction  des murs, les tisanes pour traiter les maladies et la construction de clôtures ou démarcation des limites de terrains. Cette étude a souligné  l’importance des zones humides de l’Alaotra en tant que source de plantes utiles pour la population locale. La gestion durable du lac Alaotra n’est  donc pas seulement nécessaire à la conservation de la biodiversité mais également au maintien des moyens de subsistance locaux&nbsp

Useful plants in the Park Bandro and its surroundings, Lake Alaotra, Madagascar

Traditional use of plants constitutes an important activity in Malagasy life, especially in the countryside. The Sihanaka group is found in the east of Lake Alaotra and is the dominant cultural group in the lake region, including in the Fokontany of Andreba Gara, near Park Bandro, in the east of Lake Alaotra, in Ambatondrazaka district where the study was conducted. The Sihanaka holds traditional knowledge on plant uses and makes use of this knowledge in their daily lives. The objective of this study was to describe the use of aquatic plants in the region to better understand the importance of the Alaotra wetlands in the lives of local people. Surveys conducted among the people of Andreba, including one traditional chief (the Tangalamena) and one healer, revealed 55 useful species of aquatic plants, grouped into 41 genera and 23 families. Most species were used for their medicinal and veterinary virtues (32 species), for animal food (17 species), as utensils and tools (16 species), for cultural uses (10 species), and for human food (9 species). Leaves (76%) are the most exploited plant parts. The species with the most uses were Cyperus papyrus subsp. madagascariensis (Willd.) Kük. with 26 types of use recorded, then Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (1 9 types of use), Aeschynomene elaphroxylon (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (1 2 types of use each). Nymphaea nouchali, Cyperus papyrus subsp. madagascariensis and Phragmites australis were the species most frequently cited by informants, indicating that they are important for the local population. The most frequently cited types of use included joro, namely ancestor’s invocation, food, materials for house walls construction, herbal teas to treat ailments, and fencing or demarcation of land boundaries. This study highlighted the importance of the Alaotra wetlands as a source of useful plants for the local population. Sustainable management of Lake Alaotra is therefore not just necessary for biodiversity conservation, but also for maintaining local livelihoods. RÉSUMÉL’utilisation traditionnelle des plantes constitue une activité importante dans la vie des Malgaches, plus particulièrement dans les campagnes. Le groupe Sihanaka est rencontré à l’est du lac Alaotra et constitue le groupe culturel dominant dans la région du lac, y compris dans le Fokontany d’Andreba Gara, près du Parc Bandro, à l’Est du Lac Alaotra, dans le district d’Ambatondrazaka où l’étude a été menée. Les Sihanaka détiennent des connaissances traditionnelles sur l’utilisation des plantes et utilisent ces connaissances dans leur vie quotidienne. L’objectif de cette étude était de décrire l’utilisation des plantes aquatiques dans la région afin de mieux comprendre l’importance des zones humides de l’Alaotra dans la vie des populations locales. Des enquêtes menées auprès de la population d’Andreba, y compris auprès d’un chef traditionnel (le Tangalamena) et d’un guérisseur, ont révélé 55 espèces utiles de plantes aquatiques, regroupées dans 41 genres et 23 familles. La plupart des espèces étaient utilisées pour leurs vertus médicinales et vétérinaires (32 espèces), pour l’alimentation des animaux (17 espèces), en tant qu’ustensiles et outils (16 espèces), pour des usages culturels (10 espèces) et pour l’alimentation humaine (9 espèces). Les feuilles (76%) sont les parties de plante les plus exploitées. Les espèces ayant le plus d’utilisations étaient Cyperus papyrus subsp. madagascariensis (Willd.) Kük. avec 26 types d’utilisation recensés, puis Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (19 types d’utilisation), Aeschynomene elaphroxylon (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. et Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (1 2 types d’utilisation chacune). Nymphaea nouchali, Cyperus papyrus subsp. madagascariensis et Phragmites australis étaient les espèces les plus fréquemment citées par les informateurs, ce qui indique qu’elles sont importantes pour la population locale. Les types d’utilisation les plus fréquemment cités comprenaient le joro à savoir l’invocation des ancêtres, l’alimentation, les matériaux pour la construction des murs, les tisanes pour traiter les maladies et la construction de clôtures ou démarcation des limites de terrains. Cette étude a souligné l’importance des zones humides de l’Alaotra en tant que source de plantes utiles pour la population locale. La gestion durable du lac Alaotra n’est donc pas seulement nécessaire à la conservation de la biodiversité mais également au maintien des moyens de subsistance locaux

Identification of priority areas for plant conservation in Madagascar using Red List criteria: rare and threatened Pandanaceae indicate sites in need of protection

A major problem in establishing effective protocols for conserving Madagascar's biodiversity is the lack of reliable information for the identification of priority sites in need of protection. Analyses of field data and information from herbarium collections for members of the plant family Pandanaceae (85 spp. of Pandanus; 6 spp. of Martellidendron) showed how risk of extinction assessments can inform conservation planning. Application of IUCN Red List categories and criteria showed that 91% of the species are threatened. Mapping occurrence revealed centres of richness and rarity as well as gaps in Madagascar's existing protected area network. Protection of 10 additional sites would be required to encompass the 19 species currently lacking representation in the reserve network, within which east coast littoral forests are particularly under represented and important. The effect of scale on assessments of risk of extinction was explored by applying different grid cell sizes to estimate area of occupancy. Using a grid cell size within the range suggested by IUCN overestimates threatened status if based solely upon specimen data. For poorly inventoried countries such as Madagascar measures of range size based on such data should be complemented with field observations to determine population size, sensitivity to disturbance, and specific threats to habitat and therefore potential population decline. The analysis of such data can make an important contribution to the conservation planning process by identifying threatened species and revealing the highest priority sites for their conservatio

Madagascar’s extraordinary biodiversity: Threats and opportunities

Madagascar's unique biota is heavily affected by human activity and is under intense threat. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the conservation status of Madagascar's terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity by presenting data and analyses on documented and predicted species-level conservation statuses, the most prevalent and relevant threats, ex situ collections and programs, and the coverage and comprehensiveness of protected areas. The existing terrestrial protected area network in Madagascar covers 10.4% of its land area and includes at least part of the range of the majority of described native species of vertebrates with known distributions (97.1% of freshwater fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals combined) and plants (67.7%). The overall figures are higher for threatened species (97.7% of threatened vertebrates and 79.6% of threatened plants occurring within at least one protected area). International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments and Bayesian neural network analyses for plants identify overexploitation of biological resources and unsustainable agriculture as themost prominent threats to biodiversity. We highlight five opportunities for action at multiple levels to ensure that conservation and ecological restoration objectives, programs, and activities take account of complex underlying and interacting factors and produce tangible benefits for the biodiversity and people of Madagascar

Madagascar’s extraordinary biodiversity: Evolution, distribution, and use

Madagascar's biota is hyperdiverse and includes exceptional levels of endemicity. We review the current state of knowledge on Madagascar's past and current terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity by compiling and presenting comprehensive data on species diversity, endemism, and rates of species description and human uses, in addition to presenting an updated and simplified map of vegetation types. We report a substantial increase of records and species new to science in recent years; however, the diversity and evolution of many groups remain practically unknown (e.g., fungi and most invertebrates). Digitization efforts are increasing the resolution of species richness patterns and we highlight the crucial role of field- and collections-based research for advancing biodiversity knowledge and identifying gaps in our understanding, particularly as species richness corresponds closely to collection effort. Phylogenetic diversity patterns mirror that of species richness and endemism in most of the analyzed groups. We highlight humid forests as centers of diversity and endemism because of their role as refugia and centers of recent and rapid radiations. However, the distinct endemism of other areas, such as the grassland-woodland mosaic of the Central Highlands and the spiny forest of the southwest, is also biologically important despite lower species richness. The documented uses of Malagasy biodiversity are manifold, with much potential for the uncovering of new useful traits for food, medicine, and climate mitigation. The data presented here showcase Madagascar as a unique living laboratory for our understanding of evolution and the complex interactions between people and nature. The gathering and analysis of biodiversity data must continue and accelerate if we are to fully understand and safeguard this unique subset of Earth's biodiversity

Inequality in plant diversity knowledge and unrecorded plant extinctions: An example from the grasses of Madagascar

Societal impact statement Plants are essential for all life, providing the infrastructure and energy for our ecosystems. A recent report indicates that more than 500 plant species are already presumed extinct and many more could have been lost without anyone being aware, especially in species‐rich areas with high levels of human impact, and where botanical knowledge is poor. Inequality in the availability and accessibility of biodiversity data, professional expertise, and funding interact to produce chronic differences in knowledge between countries. Here, we illustrate this using an example from Madagascar. Understanding these knowledge inequalities will strengthen our ability to improve the situation for people as well as for plants. Summary In order to understand geographic differences in our knowledge of plant extinction, species occurrence knowledge is compared for the grasses (Poaceae) of Madagascar and the British Isles. Poaceae are a useful model system for exploring extinction because they are globally diverse and present interesting characteristics compared with plants as a whole: grasses have a similar species description curve and percentage assessed as threatened, but they have broader and more continental distribution ranges. Historical and current factors affecting the documentation of the Malagasy and British floras are reviewed with regard to science funding, human capital, accessibility, and existing records. Knowledge of Poaceae is compared in the light of these constraints. Global patterns of grass diversity are examined and future extinction rates for Malagasy grasses are estimated. Multiple factors interact to shape a set of constraints on species distribution knowledge. The flora of Madagascar has been described largely by foreigners, science funding is external, and Malagasy botanists face difficult challenges. Spatial data for Madagascar are more limited and less even. We demonstrate that unrecorded extinctions are more likely among Malagasy than British and Irish grasses: they were described later, have smaller ranges, and are more threatened. It is possible that extinction rates of Malagasy grasses will increase tenfold in the next century. Differences in our knowledge of the Malagasy and British floras are long‐standing, deep, and perpetuated by numerous modern‐day factors. We urge researchers to understand and acknowledge these differences, and we provide recommendations for future work

The endemic and non-endemic vascular flora of Madagascar updated

Background and aims – The Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar project aims to evaluate and enumerate the native and naturalized vascular plant flora of Madagascar. In light of the past two decades of intensive collecting and taxonomic work, all relevant published literature and available specimens are being reassessed in order to evaluate the taxonomic status and distribution of the native and naturalized taxa of vascular plants. Here we provide current figures for the total numbers of vascular plants and levels of endemism at the order, family, genus and species levels, comparing them to previous historical counts and analyzing the distribution of the non-endemic element of the flora. Key Results – At the time of writing (April 2010), more than a century after Baron first counted 4,100 species of vascular plants in Madagascar, the Madagascar Catalogue database had registered a total of 14,883 accepted names at all taxonomic levels (64 orders, 243 families, 1,730 genera, 11,220 species and 1,626 infraspecific taxa). Of the 11,220 species of vascular plants in Madagascar, 10,650 (95%) are angiosperms, of which 331 are naturalized introduced species. The remaining accepted indigenous angiosperm species total 10,319, of which 8,621 (84%) are endemic to Madagascar (82% endemism for all indigenous vascular plants). Among the 1,698 non-endemic species of indigenous angiosperms, a total of 1,372 (81%) also occur in Africa, of these 654 (39%) are present only in Africa and Madagascar

Taxonomic studies of Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae) from the Malagasy region. IV. Synoptic revision of the Squamosa group in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands

International audienceUne révision synoptique du groupe Squamosa du genre Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae) à Madagascar et aux Comores est présentée. Neuf espèces sont reconnues dont six nouvelles décrites et illustrées ici (Diospyros antakaranae Capuron ex G.E. Schatz & Lowry, sp. nov., Diospyros betamponensis G.E. Schatz & Lowry, sp. nov., Diospyros callmanderi G.E. Schatz & Lowry, sp. nov., Diospyros darainensis G.E. Schatz & Lowry, sp. nov., Diospyros phillipsonii G.E. Schatz & Lowry, sp. nov., et Diospyros sennenii G.E. Schatz & Lowry, sp. nov.). Une clé d’identification est fournie ainsi que des évaluations préliminaires du risque d’extinction selon les critères de la Liste Rouge de l’UICN. Cinq espèces sont considérées comme “En Danger” (D. betamponensis G.E. Schatz & Lowry, sp. nov., D. callmanderi G.E. Schatz & Lowry, sp. nov., D. darainensis G.E. Schatz & Lowry, sp. nov., D. phillipsonii G.E. Schatz & Lowry, sp. nov., et D. tetraceros H. Perrier), une “Vulnérable” (D. antakaranae Capuron ex G.E. Schatz & Lowry, sp. nov.), une “Quasi-menacée” (D. comorensis Hiern), et deux “Préoccupation mineure” (D. sennenii G.E. Schatz & Lowry, sp. nov. et D. squamosa Bojer ex A. DC.