A double supermirror monochromator for neutron instrumentation at LLB

The design and characteristics of a double supermirror monochromator for neutron instrumentation at the Laboratoire Leon Brillouin is described. The aim of this monochromator is to reduce the intense gamma-radiation produced by conventional velocity selectors and to avoid a direct view of the guide while keeping a comparable neutron transmission (higher than 70%). The monochromator offers a continuous choice of wavelength selection in the range 0.5 to 2 nm

Peut-on prendre la mesure du risque silice ? Enquêtes santé, enquêtes travail et outils de veille sanitaire

La communication présente les champs de recherche, les sources, les méthodes et quelques premiers résultats du projet SILICOSIS piloté par Paul-André Rosental au Centre d’études européennes de Sciences Po, soutenu et financé par le Conseil européen de la recherche (European Research Council, ERC) pour la période 2012-2017. SILICOSIS est un projet de recherche qui fait collaborer étroitement l’histoire, la médecine, la statistique, la sociologie et l’épidémiologie. La silicose, pathologie causée par l’inhalation de silice cristalline, est la maladie professionnelle la plus mortelle de l’histoire (Rosental, 2008, 2013 ; Rosental, Devinck, 2007 ; Carnevale et al., 2012). Elle continue de causer des dégâts sanitaires considérables en lien avec les activités industrielles dans les pays développés mais aussi, de manière croissante, dans les pays émergents. Les travaux historiques montrent à quel point la silicose doit sa définition médicale même à des négociations impliquant, à partir des années 1930 et sous l’égide du Bureau international du Travail (BIT), des États, des syndicats d’employeurs et de salariés, des institutions chargées de la protection sociale. Ces travaux permettent de mieux comprendre les fondements du sous-repérage et de la sous-déclaration massifs de cette pathologie, en particulier du fait de confusions diagnostiques avec des maladies non reconnues comme d’origine professionnelle ou industrielle. La communication privilégie un aspect justifiant le caractère interdisciplinaire du projet : il s’agit d’interroger les classifications médicales contemporaines pour réévaluer la prévalence de la silicose aujourd’hui, en explorant des pistes de recherche qui mettent également au jour des mécanismes liés à l’exposition à la silice cristalline – et pas seulement par voie d’inhalation –, pour un ensemble de pathologies inflammatoires systémiques (Koeger et al., 1995) dont l’étiologie est inconnue et l’épidémiologie hétérogène. Ces pathologies (sarcoïdose (Vincent, Lièvre, 2002), lupus érythémateux disséminé (Parks et al., 2002), sclérodermie (Haustein, Ziegler, 1985), polyarthrite rhumatoïde par exemple), tout en étant rares si l’on retient le critère d’une prévalence inférieure à 1/2000, touchent plusieurs dizaines de milliers de personnes en France et sont, pour partie d’entre elles (polyarthrite rhumatoïde, lupus, sclérodermie), inscrites à la liste des affections de longue durée (ALD) exonérantes. À la question : « quelle est la prévalence, d’origine professionnelle ou non, de l’exposition à la silice cristalline, et quelle est la prévalence des pathologies – silicose mais pas seulement – qui en résultent ? », aucune source ne fournit le matériau d’une réponse exhaustive ou représentative de la population générale. C’est notamment ce manque que soulignent les travaux épidémiologiques et à visée de surveillance sanitaire qui débouchent sur la construction de « matrices emplois-expositions » centrées sur les expositions professionnelles à l’inhalation de silice cristalline (Delabre et al., 2010 ; Groupe de travail Matgéné, 2010 ; Luce et al., 2007 ; Luce et al., 2006). L’équipe du projet SILICOSIS se propose de rassembler et de confronter des sources qui, imparfaites ou partiellement aveugles sur la question à traiter, diverses par la nature des données qu’elles fournissent et les méthodes d’analyse qu’elles mettent en oeuvre, peuvent collaborer de façon dynamique : enquête statistique et historique sur archives ; travail qualitatif par entretiens et montage d’une enquête statistique en ligne auprès de médecins pour évaluer les pratiques diagnostiques et de prise en charge ; recherches médicales menées dans le laboratoire de minéralopathologie de l’hôpital saint-Joseph-saint Luc de Lyon ; enquêtes statistiques « santé » et « travail » françaises mesurant les liens entre santé et travail sous des angles qui s’ignorent souvent mutuellement (Cavalin & Célérier, 2012a) ; données administratives de santé. Celles-ci (données du Système national d’information inter-régimes de l’assurance maladie – SNIIRAM – ou du Programme de médicalisation des systèmes d’information – PMSI) permettent, au moins à des fins de cadrage et dans un domaine où les prévalences sont faibles, de tester des hypothèses sur des échantillons exhaustifs

Optimal overlayer inspired by Photuris firefly improves light-extraction efficiency of existing light-emitting diodes

In this paper the design, fabrication and characterization of a bioinspired overlayer deposited on a GaN LED is described. The purpose of this overlayer is to improve light extraction into air from the diode's high refractive-index active material. The layer design is inspired by the microstructure found in the firefly Photuris sp. The actual dimensions and material composition have been optimized to take into account the high refractive index of the GaN diode stack. This two-dimensional pattern contrasts other designs by its unusual profile, its larger dimensions and the fact that it can be tailored to an existing diode design rather than requiring a complete redesign of the diode geometry. The gain of light extraction reaches values up to 55% with respect to the reference unprocessed LED.Comment: 9 pages, 9 Figures, published in Optics Expres

Risk factors for diabetic foot ulceration in diabetic patients presenting at primary healthcare clinics in South Africa

Abstract: Objective: The main purpose of the study was to investigate the need for podiatrists as members of the primary healthcare team. One of the objectives of the study was to determine the percentage of patients presenting at the two Primary Healthcare clinics who are at risk of developing foot complications as a result of an underlying concomitant systemic disease. Research design and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study in which data was collected from patients presenting at two homogeneously selected Primary Healthcare (PHC) clinics in Johannesburg. Nursing staff assisted by a final year podiatry student collected data using a self-constructed data collection form (DCF) from each consenting patients as part of their routine patient consultation. Simple descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results: Data was collected and analysed from 1077 patients and showed that 29% of the patients had diabetes. Diabetic foot ulceration risk factors that were recorded included peripheral neuropathy in 74% of diabetic patients, structural foot deformities in 47%, peripheral vascular symptoms in 39% and foot ulcer in 28% of the diabetic patients. Conclusion: Early identification of diabetic patients who are at high risk of diabetic foot ulceration is important and can be achieved via a mandatory diabetic foot screening with subsequent multidisciplinary foot-care interventions. Understanding the factors that place patients with diabetes at high risk of ulceration, together with an appreciation of the links between different aspects of the disease process and foot function, is essential to the prevention and management of diabetic foot complications. Significance of the study • There is limited data available on diabetic foot risk factors across all levels of care in South Africa. • The study found that up to 74% of patients presenting at PHC facilities in this study had symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and 28% had foot ulcers. • The findings are suggestive of a need for diabetic foot assessment to be mandated at PHC level as part of the routine diabetic patient assessment and for Podiatrists to be involved at this level of care

Large Language Models, scientific knowledge and factuality: A systematic analysis in antibiotic discovery

Inferring over and extracting information from Large Language Models (LLMs) trained on a large corpus of scientific literature can potentially drive a new era in biomedical research, reducing the barriers for accessing existing medical evidence. This work examines the potential of LLMs for dialoguing with biomedical background knowledge, using the context of antibiotic discovery as an exemplar motivational scenario. The context of biomedical discovery from natural products entails understanding the relational evidence between an organism, an associated chemical and its associated antibiotic properties. We provide a systematic assessment on the ability of LLMs to encode and express these relations, verifying for fluency, prompt-alignment, semantic coherence, factual knowledge and specificity of generated responses. The systematic analysis is applied to nine state-of-the-art models (including ChatGPT and GPT-4) in two prompting-based tasks: chemical compound definition generation and chemical compound-fungus relation determination. Results show that while recent models have improved in fluency, factual accuracy is still low and models are biased towards over-represented entities. The ability of LLMs to serve as biomedical knowledge bases is questioned, and the need for additional systematic evaluation frameworks is highlighted. The best performing GPT-4 produced a factual definition for 70% of chemical compounds and 43.6% factual relations to fungi, whereas the best open source model BioGPT-large 30% of the compounds and 30% of the relations for the best-performing prompt. The results show that while LLMs are currently not fit for purpose to be used as biomedical factual knowledge bases, there is a promising emerging property in the direction of factuality as the models become domain specialised, scale-up in size and level of human feedback.Comment: 23 pages, 3 figure

Smart Grid Energy Flexible Buildings through the use of Heat Pumps in the Belgian context

The management of electricity grids requires the supply and demand of electricity to be in balance at any point in time. To this end, electricity suppliers have to nominate their electricity bids on the day-ahead electricity market such that the forecasted supply and demand are in balance. At the intraday-level, mismatches between the forecasted and actual supply and demand can be compensated for by reserve capacity or by real-time demand response. In this context, there are three ways to minimize the cost of electricity supply. A first one is to predict electricity demand profiles associated to local consumers equipped with smart metering devices as accurately as possible. A second one is to minimize the procurement costs of electricity by shifting flexible loads from peak to off-peak hours. This can be done by offering consumers time-of-use (ToU) variable electricity tariffs as an incentive to shift their demand. A third one is to minimize the imbalance costs resulting from mismatches between forecasted supply and demand, by real-time demand response. Smart control of HVAC equipment with embedded model predictive control (MPC) can be used in that context. They have to be provided with dynamic building simulation models. The first part of this study provides typologies of Smart Grid Energy ready Buildings within the context of the Belgian building stock. A typical new residential building is considered, equipped with an air-to-water heat pump that supplies either radiators or a floor heating system. Different occupancy profiles are considered as well as three heating control strategies guaranteeing equivalent thermal comfort. The flexibility is assessed according to a cost-weighted electricity consumption of the heat pump. The impact of building thermal mass storage on the electricity consumption is also evaluated. A ranking of the building characteristics affecting its flexibility is deduced as well as recommendations to avoid overconsumption associated to energy storage. The second part of this study assesses the flexibility potential of these Smart Grid Energy Ready Buildings within the context of the Belgian day-ahead electricity market. Flexibility will be quantified in terms of load volumes shifted and in terms of procurement costs avoided. The methodology implemented considers both the energy supplier and the end-user. On the electricity suppliers’ side, a ToU-price profile is determined based on an analysis of the day-ahead electricity prices in Belgium (Belpex power exchange, 2008-2012). On the consumers’ side, this ToU-profile serves as an input for the local heat pump controller. This controller uses MPC to determine the heat pump power profile for the next day such that thermal comfort is guaranteed at minimal energy cost. The study will be generalized to the intraday and real time markets in future work

Combined simulation of the building, primary and secondary plant of a typical office building

Office buildings are very often equipped with complex HVAC systems made of primary, secondary and control sub-systems. The interaction between those elements is complex and requires specific analysis tools. In the context of the IEA-ECBCS Annex 48 and IEE-HarmonAC projects, a typical office building of the Walloon region was deeply analyzed through both monitoring and simulation work. The main objective of the work was, starting from the existing status of the building, to assess the performance of a number of changes in the building envelope, HVAC system and control system. In particular, the performance of different reversible (air coupled, ground coupled) heat pumps was calculated and compared to a reference situation (separate production for heating and cooling). To achieve this objective, different simulation tools were used. This paper will relate the development, calibration and use of a detailed TRNSYS application integrating a multi-zone (10 per floor) modeling of the building envelope, a detailed representation of the secondary plant (including the simulation of a customized VAV system), a modeling of the different configurations of the primary plant (with and without heat pump) as well as a realistic consideration of the main elements of the control system. The paper will present successively the architecture of the simulation application, the selection of the Types required to perform the task, the calibration of some of them using measurements carried out in the building and the results obtained by running a number of configurations of the system. The paper will specifically focus on the problems generated by the interaction between the primary and secondary plant as well as with the specific issues related to the simulation of the control system

From the definition of Silicosis at the 1930 Johannesburg conference to the blurred boundaries between pneumoconioses, sarcoidosis and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP)

The 1930 International Labour Office Conference on silicosis in Johannesburg identified silicosis by setting a medicolegal framework to its nosology: as with other occupational illnesses, its medical content was fixed under economic pressure. This article follows a reading of all the proceedings of this conference (debates and reports of experts) to examine their potential impact on the etiology and nosology of other diseases, specifically sarcoidosis and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), “idiopathic” diseases in which inorganic particles may be involved. We propose renewed study of the role of inorganic particles in these diseases. To do this, we propose to mobilize detection means such as mineralogical analysis and electron microscopy and in depth interviewing that are currently seldom used in France, in order to establish diagnosis and the potential occupational and environmental origin of these diseases

Responsible Research and Innovation in Industry-Challenges, Insights and Perspectives

The responsibility of industry towards society and the environment is a much discussed topic, both in academia and in business. Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) has recently emerged as a new concept with the potential to advance this discourse in light of two major challenges industry is facing today. The first relates to the accelerating race to innovate in order to stay competitive in a rapidly changing world. The second concerns the need to maintain public trust in industry through innovations that generate social value in addition to economic returns. This Special Issue provides empirical and conceptual contributions that explore corporate motivations to adopt RRI, the state of implementation of concrete RRI practices, the role of stakeholders in responsible innovation processes, as well as drivers and barriers to the further diffusion of RRI in industry. Overall, these contributions highlight the relevance of RRI for firms of different sizes and sectors. They also provide insights and suggestions for managers, policymakers and researchers wishing to engage with responsibility in innovation. This editorial summarizes the most pertinent conclusions across the individual articles published in this Special Issue and concludes by outlining some fruitful avenues for future research in this space