PUGAI (FUMIGATION) AS A PURA MARUTHUVAM (EXTERNAL THERAPY) IN THE SIDDHA SYSTEM OF MEDICINE

Siddha Medicine is a traditional system of healing medicine in the southern part of the India and some other nations. This system of Medicine is mainly categorized into two classes, based on the root of admiration of the drugs, which are 32 types of Aga marunthugal (Internal medicine) and 32 types of Pura marunthugal (External medicine) for treating the 4448 diseases describe in the Siddha texts. The 32 types of External therapies are included in many kinds of external application of treatment procedures. Siddha texts mentioned the Pugai is termed as Fumigation is one of the external therapies in this system. This study reveals that the Pugai is the effective external treatment procedure to cure some disease condition based on Siddha theory. Fumigation signifies the artificial impregnation of the atmosphere, with the fumes or smoke of any vegetable or aromatic substances. Pugai is an application of fumes is administered in different parts of the body, apart from inhalation. Most of these therapies are aimed to maintaining the healthy balance of tri humours of Vatham, Pitham, Kabam and Saptha thathukkal which mean seven tissue types of the body. Main purpose of this procedure is to reduce microbes and to control infections. Fumigation can be effective in inactivating microbes on environmental surfaces

Contribution of infection and vaccination to population-level seroprevalence through two COVID waves in Tamil Nadu, India.

This study employs repeated, large panels of serological surveys to document rapid and substantial waning of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at the population level and to calculate the extent to which infection and vaccination separately contribute to seroprevalence estimates. Four rounds of serological surveys were conducted, spanning two COVID waves (October 2020 and April-May 2021), in Tamil Nadu (population 72 million) state in India. Each round included representative populations in each district of the state, totaling ≥ 20,000 persons per round. State-level seroprevalence was 31.5% in round 1 (October-November 2020), after India's first COVID wave. Seroprevalence fell to 22.9% in round 2 (April 2021), a roughly one-third decline in 6 months, consistent with dramatic waning of SARS-Cov-2 antibodies from natural infection. Seroprevalence rose to 67.1% by round 3 (June-July 2021), with infections from the Delta-variant induced second COVID wave accounting for 74% of the increase. Seroprevalence rose to 93.1% by round 4 (December 2021-January 2022), with vaccinations accounting for 63% of the increase. Antibodies also appear to wane after vaccination. Seroprevalence in urban areas was higher than in rural areas, but the gap shrunk over time (35.7 v. 25.7% in round 1, 89.8% v. 91.4% in round 4) as the epidemic spread even in low-density rural areas

Emic Perspectives on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Children's Mental Health and Psychosocial Well-Being:Applying a Social Ecological Framework of Resilience in Northern Sri Lanka

Public Health and primary car