Cytotoxic / antioxidant activity and sensorial acceptance of yerba-mate development by oxidation process

Yerba-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) is a native species of South America, and its dried leaves are consumed mainly as a beverage. Its phytochemical profile includes phenolic compounds consisting of secondary metabolites with antioxidant activities. Current research optimizes conditions of yerba-mate leaves oxidation, evaluates the sensory acceptance and assesses the in vivo antioxidant activity of the oxidized product. The variables incubation chamber humidity and age of leaves were optimized within the yerba-mate leaves oxidative process by a 22 factorial design. The sensory acceptance and the antioxidant activity of yerba-mate extracts, oxidized by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to hydrogen peroxide, were assessed. The variables chamber humidity and age of leaves affected the colorimetric coordinates L* and b* during the oxidative process, and validated empirical models. The minimum concentration of beverage-type yerba-mate extract which was able to enhance the cell survival of S. cerevisiae was 150 μg×mL-1, whilst rate for oxidized product reached 1,200 μg×mL-1. Extracts from the two processing forms increased the cell survival in S. cerevisiae exposed to 5 mM hydrogen peroxide. The sensory acceptance of oxidized product did not differ significantly when compared to control. The antioxidant activity of yerba-mate extracts should be exploited for the development of new products.

Total Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activity in Oxidized Leaves of Mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil)

Ilex paraguariensis is a native species to South America. Its economic importance is in the use of its leaves and twigs in the processing of a product popularly known as "chimarrão". The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between some physico-chemical process parameters in the oxidation of I. paraguariensis leaves oxidation. The leaves of Maté with age 1.0, 6.5 and 12.0 months were subjected to an oxidation process for 3 h under different relative humidity conditions (80, 90 and 99%) at 26°C. The extracts were evaluated using the experimental design techniques to maximize the oxidation conditions for the total polyphenols, antioxidant capacity, water activity and color. The condition of 90% humidity and leaf age 6.5 months resulted in lower lightness and yellow color of the product. Green color was not significantly influenced by the studied parameters. The highest levels of total phenols and antioxidant potential were found when the leaf age was one month and humidity was 90%. Thus, it could be concluded that the air humidity of the chamber and leaf age influenced the oxidation process of the leaves of Maté as well as the antioxidant capacity of the extract obtained

Additional file 1 of Global trends in research on the effects of climate change on Aedes aegypti: international collaboration has increased, but some critical countries lag behind

Additional file 1: Figure S1. PRISMA flow diagram. SM2. Similar terms merged in bibliometric analysis methods using VOSviewer version 1.6.15

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data