Pleistocene glacial refugia across the Appalachian Mountains and coastal plain in the millipede genus Narceus: Evidence from population genetic, phylogeographic, and paleoclimatic data

Background: Species that are widespread throughout historically glaciated and currently nonglaciated areas provide excellent opportunities to investigate the role of Pleistocene climatic change on the distribution of North American biodiversity. Many studies indicate that northern animal populations exhibit low levels of genetic diversity over geographically widespread areas whereas southern populations exhibit relatively high levels. Recently, paleoclimatic data have been combined with niche-based distribution modeling to locate possible refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum. Using phylogeographic, population, and paleoclimatic data, we show that the distribution and mitochondrial data for the millipede genus Narceus are consistent with classical examples of Pleistocene refugia and subsequent post-glacial population expansion seen in other organismal groups. Results: The phylogeographic structure of Narceus reveals a complex evolutionary history with signatures of multiple refugia in southeastern North America followed by two major northern expansions. Evidence for refugial populations were found in the southern Appalachian Mountains and in the coastal plain. The northern expansions appear to have radiated from two separate refugia, one from the Gulf Coastal Plain area and the other from the mid-Atlantic coastal region. Distributional models of Narceus during the Last Glacial Maximum show a dramatic reduction from the current distribution, with suitable ecological zones concentrated along the Gulf and Atlantic coastal plain. We found a strong correlation between these zones of ecological suitability inferred from our paleo-model with levels of genetic diversity derived from phylogenetic and population estimates of genetic structuring. Conclusion: The signature of climatic change, during and after the Pleistocene, on the distribution of the millipede genus Narceus is evident in the genetic data presented. Niche-based historical distribution modeling strengthens the conclusions drawn from the genetic data and proves useful in identifying probable refugia. Such interdisciplinary biogeographic studies provide a comprehensive approach to understanding these processes that generate and maintain biodiversity as well as the framework necessary to explore questions regarding evolutionary diversification of taxa. Originally published BMC Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 9, No. 25, Jan 200

“I Would Absolutely Need to Know That My Partner Is Still Going to be Protected”: Perceptions of HIV Cure-Related Research Among Diverse HIV Serodifferent Couples in the United States

Most HIV cure studies remain in the early stage of investigation and may carry clinical risks to the participants and, in some cases, their partners. Surprisingly little sociobehavioral research has investigated the perceptions of couples-including HIV serodifferent couples-around HIV cure research, including factors that would influence recruitment and retention in trials. We conducted a qualitative study to explore perceptions of diverse HIV serodifferent partners in the United States. We recruited 10 diverse HIV serodifferent couples (20 participants). We found participants had learned to cope with the reality of HIV, including protections during sex, and ascribed both positive and negative meanings to an HIV cure. Partners expressed concern about each other's health and potentially caring for a sick partner and emphasized the importance of safety when participating in an HIV cure trial. They identified the need for partner protection measures during analytical treatment interruptions (ATIs) as an ethical imperative. Participants recounted experiences of HIV stigma due to being in HIV serodifferent relationships and viewed ATIs as leading to a detectable viral load, which could limit sexual expression, complicate disclosure decision making, and worsen HIV-related stigma. Our study's main contribution is to inform efforts to meaningfully engage diverse HIV serodifferent partners in HIV cure research in the United States. Our data suggest people with HIV make decisions to participate in research based on close ones in their life and underscore the critical importance of acknowledging relationship dynamics in decisions to participate in research

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

Promyrmekiaphila winnemem Stockman & Bond, 2008, sp. nov.

Promyrmekiaphila winnemem sp. nov. (Figures 4, 5, 8 –11, 14–24, 34– 41) Types: Male holotype, female paratype from Platina Rd, 3.5 mi SE of Ono [40.4405 -122.6666, PR025, PR027], Shasta Co, California (17 Jul 1974, W.R. Icenogle) deposited in CAS. Genbank Accessions: EF 542857, EF 542929, EF 542932 – 33, EF 542938, EF 542956 – 58, EF 542976, EF 543048, EF 543051 – 52, EF 543057, EF 543075 – 77. Etymology: The specific epithet honors the Winnemem Wintu Indian Tribe, traditional owners of the region and their resistance to the enlargement of the Shasta Dam. Diagnosis: Males can be recognized by a small conical mound on retrolateral side of metatarsus I (Figs 34, 35, 39, 40). Females are distinguished by short, stout spermathecae with a long side branch (Figs 37, 38, 41). Both features are absent in all adult P. clathrata specimens examined (males and females respectively). Male (Holotype): Pedipalp, leg I left side removed and stored in vial with specimen. General coloration. Coloration greatly faded. Carapace, chelicerae, and legs strong brown (7.5 YR 5 / 6), abdomen light yellowish brown (10 YR 6 / 4) with dark yellowish brown (10 YR 3 / 4) chevron pattern on dorsum, spinnerets yellow (10 YR 7 / 6). Recently collected specimens generally darker and abdominal chevron less distinct. Cephalothorax. Carapace 4.35 long, 3.88 wide, stout dark brown bristles along fringe. Sternum moderately setose, STRl 2.58, STRw 2.30. Posterior sternal sigilla very large, positioned centrally, not contiguous, anterior sigilla pairs small, oval, marginal. Chelicerae with distinct promargin tooth row (seven teeth), retromargin with patch of small denticles. Labium lacking cuspules, LBw 0.69, LBl 0.48. Rastellum of four very stout spines; fringe of smaller spines along distal promargin extending upward from rastellum. Abdomen. Moderately setose. PLS terminal segment half length of medial segment, one enlarged spigot visible at tip, two smaller spigotsdisplaced proximally from tip. Legs. Slender. Leg I: 4.69, 2.00, 3.64, 2.79, 2.02. Leg IV: 4.50, 1.73, 4.04, 3.80, FIGURES 34–41. Promyrmekiaphila winnemem sp. nov. male holotype from Shasta Co. (PR025) and female from Tehama Co. (MY 3185): ɗ left leg I, prolateral view (34, 39); retrolateral view (35, 40); ɗ left pedipalp, prolateral view (36), spermathecae (37, 38, 41). 2.23. Metatarsus I with very slight ventral–to–retrolateral excavation on proximal third bordered distally by very low, conical mound. Tarsus with single staggered row of ten trichobothria. Legs I–IV with moderately light scopulae on tarsi, light scopulae on metatarsus I–II. Leg I spination pattern (Figs 39, 40: TSp 2, TSr 2). Pedipalp. Articles lacking distinct spines. PTl 1.86, PTw 0.75, Bl 0.81. Embolus slender, tapering sharply toward tip. Female (Paratype): Left leg I removed and placed in vial with specimens. Genital plate removed and stored in microvial with specimens. Coloration. Carapace, legs, chelicerae strong brown (7.5 YR 4 / 6), abdomen dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4 / 4) dorsally, ventrum and spinnerets light yellowish brown, dorsum with thin chevron. Cephalothorax. Carapace 6.06 long, 4.76 wide, generally smooth surface. Fringe lacks setae. Sternum moderately setose, STRw 2.73, STRl 3.03. Three pairs of sternal sigilla, anterior pairs small, oval, marginal, posterior pair much larger, oval, mesially positioned. Chelicerae, promargin tooth row armed with six teeth, retromargin with denticle patch. Labium without cuspules, LBl 0.65, LBw 1.00. Rastellum of four to five very stout spines; fringe of short, stout spines along distal promargin extending upward from rastellum. Abdomen. Moderately setose. PLS terminal segment half length of medial segment, one enlarged spigot at tip, two smaller spigots displaced proximally. Legs. Leg I: 4.08, 1.63, 2.63, 1.83, 1.44. Leg IV: 4.35, 1.70, 3.15, 2.79, 1.54. Tarsus I with single staggered row of 13 trichobothria. PT 3 s 4, TB 3 s 10. Very rudimentary metatarsal preening comb at tarsal–metatarsal joint of leg IV. Spermathecae. Spermathecal bulb terminates in short, stout stalk. Stalk with long, lateral protuberance with bulbous tip Variation (4). Cl 5.60–7.36; Cw 4.76–6.56; STRl 2.95–4.20; STRw 2.73 –4.00; LBl 0.65–0.90; LBw 0.95–1.31; Leg I: 3.92–5.25, 1.63–2.34, 2.63–3.45, 1.78–2.43, 1.33–1.76; Leg IV: 4.10–5.15, 1.70–2.55, 3.09–4.12, 2.76–3.92, 1.47–2.08. Other Material Examined: UNITED STATES: CALIFORNIA: Shasta Co: Platina Rd, 3.5 mi SE of Ono, 40.4405 –122.6666 [PR025– 7], 17 Jul 1 974 (W.R. Icenogle, CAS), ɗ, Ψ, Ψw/spiderlings; Swasey Dr & Hwy 299, 0.5 mi SE of Shasta, 40.5904 –122.4785 [PR076], 16 Jul 1974 (W.R. Icenogle, CAS), 4 juv; Platina Rd, 2.9 mi NE of Hwy 36, 40.36566 –122.858 [MY03174], 22 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), juv; Swasey Dr, 1 / 4 mi S of Hwy 299, 40.58994 –122.48178 [MY02987, 3053 – 6], 16 Mar 2005 (J. Bond, A. Stockman, D. Beamer, ECU – CAS), 4 Ψ, juv; A 18 / Lake Blvd, 1 / 2 mi S of Shasta Lake Natl Rec Area border, 40.70649 –122.40508 [MY03177– 8], 23 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2 juv; Tehama Co: Hwy 36, 12.8 mi E of Bowman Rd/A 5, 40.22334 –122.32868 [MY03183– 5], 23 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), Ψw/spiderlings, 2 juv; Bowman Rd/A 5, 6.6 mi N of Hwy 36, 40.32993 –122.40871 [MY03179– 82], 23 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2 Ψ, 2 juv. Distribution: Known only from Shasta and Tehama Counties of northern California, north and west of the Central Valley (Fig. 4).Published as part of Stockman, Amy K. & Bond, And Jason E., 2008, A taxonomic review of the trapdoor spider genus Promyrmekiaphila Schenkel (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Euctenizinae), pp. 25-41 in Zootaxa 1823 on pages 38-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18305

Promyrmekiaphila clathrata Simon 1891

<i>Promyrmekiaphila clathrata</i> (Simon 1891) <p>(Figures 1–4, 6, 7, 12, 13, 25 –32)</p> <p> <i>Aptostichus clathrata</i> Simon 1891: 318 (female holotype from Santa Rosa, Sonoma Co., California, in USMN, examined).</p> <p> <i>Promyrmekiaphila zebra</i> (Chamberlin & Ivie 1935): 3 (female holotype from Palo Alto, California, deposited in AMNH, examined). <b>NEW SYNONYMY</b></p> <p> <i>Promyrmekiaphila gertschi</i> Schenkel 1950: 29 (female holotype from Berkeley, California, deposited in NMB, examined by J. Bond 2002). <b>NEW SYNONYMY</b></p> <p> <i>Promyrmekiaphila clathratus</i> Bond & Opell 2002: 521.</p> <p> <b>Exemplars:</b> Male and female from Hwy 116, 3 mi W of Guerneville, Sonoma Co., California, 38.47858 - 122.99965 [MY0634, MY0635], 28 July 2002 (M. Hedin, P. Paquin, & J. Starrett), deposited in ECU–CAS.</p> <p> <b>Genbank Accessions</b>: EF542846 –56, EF542858 –928, EF542930 –31, EF542934 –37, EF542939 –55, EF542959 –75, EF542977 –3047, EF543049 –50, EF543053 –56, EF543058 –74, EF543078 –83.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis:</b> Males differ from those of <i>P. winnemem</i> by having a dense clump of thickened setae and spines on distal–retrolateral aspect of tibia I (Figs 26, 31), and by ventral–to–retrolateral excavation on proximal third of metatarsus I bordered distally by moderately sized and readily apparent conical apophysis. Females differ from those of <i>P. winnemem</i> by having short, stout, nondescript spermathecae (Figs 29, 30, 33) lacking distinct side branch.</p> <p> <b>FIGURES 26–33</b>. <i>Promyrmekiaphila clathrata</i> exemplar specimens (ɗ–MY0634, Ψ–MY0635) from Guerneville, Mendocino Co., CA: ɗ left leg I, retrolateral view (26, 31); prolateral view (27, 32); ɗ left pedipalp, prolateral view (28); spermathecae (29, 30, 33).</p> <p> <b>Male (Exemplar Specimen):</b> <i>Specimen preparation.</i> Leg I, IV left side, and leg I, pedipalp right side removed and stored in vial with specimen; pedipalp left side missing. <i>General coloration.</i> Coloration appears faded. Carapace, chelicerae, and legs dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/6). Abdomen brown (10YR 5/3) with very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) chevron pattern on dorsum. Spinnerets light yellowish brown (10YR 6/ 4). <i>Cephalothorax.</i> Carapace 5.56 long, 4.70 wide, stout dark brown bristles along fringe. Sternum moderately setose, STRl 2.82, STRw 2.28. Posterior sternal sigilla large, positioned centrally, not contiguous. Anterior sigilla pairs small, oval, marginal. Chelicerae with distinct promarginal tooth row (seven teeth). Labium without cuspules, LBl 0.55, LBw 0.60. Rastellum of four very stout spines. <i>Abdomen.</i> Setose; longer, heavier dark brown setae intermingled with short, fine light brown setae on dorsum. Fine brown setae on ventrum. PLS terminal spigot half length of medial segment, one enlarged spigot visible at tip, two others displaced proximally. <i>Legs.</i> Leg I: 5.30, 2.33, 4.08, 2.75, 1.96. Leg IV: 5.63, 2.08, 4.90, 4.52, 2.50. Tarsi straight; moderate scopulae on tarsal and metatarsal I–IV. Tarsus I with single staggered row of eight trichobothria. Leg I spines (Figs 31, 32): TSp 2; retrolateral distal aspect of tibia with cluster of numerous thickened setae. Metatarsus I with ventral–to–retrolateral excavation on proximal third bordered distally by moderately sized conical protuberance. <i>Pedipalp (right side).</i> Cymbium with eight trichobothria in two rows. PTl 2.25, PTw 0.77, Bl 0.90. Palpal bulb normal, embolus tapering sharply towards tip.</p> <p> <b>Variation</b> <i>(5):</i> Cl 5.35–6.81, Cw 4.65–5.50, STRl 2.78–3.36, STRw 2.28–3.24, LBl 0.47–0.88, LBw 0.53–0.89; leg I: 5.00–5.80, 2.07–2.52, 3.88–4.60, 2.58–3.52, 1.95–2.28; leg IV: 4.55–5.80, 1.95–2.16, 4.65– 5.35, 4.00–5.00, 2.48–2.64; PTl 1.95–2.56, PTw 0.77–1.08, Bl 0.90–1.31.</p> <p> <b>Female (Exemplar Specimen)</b>: <i>Specimen preparation.</i> Leg III right side, leg IV left side from tibia to tip removed and stored in vial with specimen; legs II, IV right side removed for long-term tissue storage. <i>Coloration.</i> Carapace brown (7.5YR 4/4), chelicerae dark brown (7.5YR 3/3), legs and sternum yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), abdomen brown (10YR 5/3) with very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2) thick chevron pattern dorsally, spinnerets light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4). <i>Cephalothorax.</i> Carapace 7.28 long, 5.94 wide, glabrous. Lateral fringe lacks setae. Sternum moderately setose, STRl 4.52, STRw 3.55. Three pairs of sternal sigilla: anterior pairs smaller, oval, marginal; posterior pair large, ovate, mesially positioned but not contiguous. Chelicerae, promarginal tooth row armed with eight teeth. Palpal endites with cuspules (<i>ca.</i> 60) concentrated at inner promargin but extending distally. Labium with one cuspule; LBl 0.86, LBw 0.88. Rastellum of five very stout spines, three on low mound; fringe of short spines along distal promargin extending upward from rastellum. <i>Abdomen.</i> Moderately setose. PLS terminal spigot half length of medial segment, enlarged spigot visible at tip. <i>Legs.</i> Leg I: 5.13, 2.52, 3.76, 2.28, 1.70. Leg IV: 5.00, 2.52, 4.28, 3.72, 1.95. Single staggered row of trichobothria on tarsi I–IV (10 on tarsus I). I & II with moderate scopulae on tarsus and metatarsus. PT3s 16, TB3s 6. Rudimentary metatarsal preening comb at the tarsal–metatarsal joint of leg IV. <i>Spermathecae.</i> Spermathecae with short lateral base. Spermathecal bulb atop a very short, stout stalk.</p> <p> <b>Variation</b> <i>(5).</i> Cl 6.80–7.84, Cw 5.50–6.88, STRl 3.84–4.52, STRw 3.18–4.04, LBl 0.75–1.04, LBw 0.88–1.38; leg I: 4.60–6.13, 2.40–2.73, 3.09–4.12, 2.07–2.58, 1.42–1.86; leg IV: 4.44–5.20, 2.28–2.96, 3.85– 4.75, 3.28–4.15, 1.75–2.00.</p> <p> <b>Other material examined:</b> UNITED STATES: CALIFORNIA: <b>Alameda Co:</b> no specific locality [37.692 -122.0957, PR022], 27 Sep 1967 (S. Beebe, SCW), ɗ; Castro Valley [37.6942 -122.0853, PR052–4], 31 Oct 1930, 31 Oct 1938, 18 Mar 1941 (W.M. Pearce, AMNH), ɗ, 4Ψ; Piedmont [37.8244 -122.2306, PR044], 16 Apr 1914 (E.W. Nunenmacher, AMNH), Ψ; Montclair, East Oakland [37.8316 -122.2106, PR020], 25 Oct 1970 (C. Berg, AMNH), ɗ; Claremont Canyon [37.8679 -122.2287, PR051], 15 Jan 1983 (n/ a, AMNH), Ψ; UC Berkeley campus [37.8697 -122.258, PR093], 26 Nov 1976 (M. Bales, AMNH), ɗ; Berkeley [37.8717 -122.2717]: [PR002] Nov1906 (AMNH), Ψ; [PR004] 30 Aug 1979 (J.B. Fraser, AMNH), ɗ; [PR011] n/a (M. Cazier, AMNH), Ψ; [PR062] 10 Oct 1946 (G. Smith, AMNH), ɗ; Strawberry Creek [37.8746 -122.2365, PR021], 1 Nov 1974 (R.A. Kawin, AMNH), ɗ; Lake del Valle State Rec Area, Campsite #53, 37.57223 -121.69006 [MY03090, 03092], 12 May 2005 (A. A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ; Palomares Rd, 4.9 mi S of Paloverde Rd, 37.64599 -121.9704 [MY03368–70], 15 Jun 2005 (A. A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ, Ψw/eggsac; Redwood Rd, 5.8 mi N of Hwy 580, 37.75529 -122.10184 [MY03365–7], 15 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 3Ψ; Skyline Blvd, 3.4 mi N of Joaquin Millar Rd, 37.8344 -122.18515 [MY03362–4], 15 Jun 2005 (A. A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ, Ψw/eggsac; <b>Contra Costa Co:</b> Canyon [37.8317 -122.1867, PR056], 11 Aug 1982 (D.G. Denning, AMNH), ɗ; Morgan Territory Rd, 8.5 mi from Marsh Creek Rd, [37.8447 -121.8343, PR040–42, 47, 48] 4–20 Nov 1969 (W.E. Azevedo, SCW), 5Ψ; Orinda [37.8772 - 122.1786, PR038], 12 Jul 1970 (E.I. Schlinger, AMNH), Ψ; San Pablo Ridge below Eureka Peak [37.8832 - 122.2075, PR043, 88], Jul–Aug 1969 (E.I. Schlinger, AMNH), Ψ, Ψw/spiderlings; Kensington District [37.9106 -122.2792, PR024], 4 Nov 1964 (R.L. Langston, AMNH), ɗ; Tilden Regional Park [37.912 - 122.2584, PR057], 7 Nov 1980 (J.B. Fraser, AMNH), ɗ; no specific locality [37.9121 -122.0902, PR031], 25 Mar 1977 (I.A. Bussey & L.S. Vincen, AMNH), Ψ; Briones Regional Park, west entrance [37.9265 - 122.1585, PR039], 7 Feb1972 (M.M. Bentzien, SCW), Ψ; Alhambra Valley [37.9649 -122.1322, PR001], Dec 1929 (n/a, AMNH), ɗ, juv; Morgan Territory Rd, 4.7 mi S of Marsh Creek Rd, 37.85037 -121.84541 [MY03087–9], 12 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 3Ψ; Wildcat Canyon Rd, 1.1 mi W of Camino Pablo, 37.89869 -122.22521 [MY03359–61], 15 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ, juv; Briones Rd, near Bear Creek Rd, 37.96935 -122.15716 [MY03372–4], 15 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 3Ψ; <b>Glenn Co:</b> Hwy 162, 0.9 mi E of Stony Creek Crossing, 39.61555 -122.5133 [MY00727, 735, 736, 740, 743], 3 Apr 2003 (M. Hedin, P. Paquin, J. Starrett, ECU – CAS), 5Ψ; Hwy 162, 1.1 mi E of Elk Creek, 39.61513 - 122.51126 [MY03165–8], 20 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ, 2 juv; <b>Lake Co:</b> Butts Canyon Rd, 17.4 mi E of Hwy 29, 38.62399 -122.44317 [MY03143–5], 17 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ, Ψw/eggsac; Loch Lomand Rd, Seigler Canyon Rd, & Big Canyon Rd JCT, 38.87611 -122.67712 [MY03142], 16 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), juv; Elk Mountain Rd, 5.9 mi N of Hwy 20, 39.21719 -122.93449 [MY03163–4], 19 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ; <b>Marin Co:</b> Mill Valley [37.9061 -122.5439]: [PR005] 20 May 1969 (P. Enconomon, AMNH), ɗ; [PR078] 28 May 1958 (M. Wausbauer, AMNH), juv; [PR079] 21 Oct 1956 (H.B. Leech, AMNH), juv; [PR085] 7 Jul 1956 (W.J. Gertsch & V. Roth, AMNH), 2Ψ; ridge between San Anselmo & San Rafael [37.9667 -122.5438, PR086], 13 Nov 1976 (L.G. Freihofter, AMNH), ɗ; Point Reyes [38.0014 -122.9958, PR036], 8 Feb 1959 (D.D. Linsdale, AMNH), 4Ψ; 2.4 mi S of Olema [38.0104 -122.7636, PR083], 1 Nov 1953 (V. Roth & R.O. Schuster, AMNH), Ψ; San Geronimo [38.0154 -122.667, PR073, 75, 80–82, 87], 19–27 Sep 1963 (Jean & Wilton Ivie, AMNH), 9Ψ, 2Ψw/spiderlings; Samuel P. Taylor State Park [38.0295 -122.7236, PR084], 8 Jan 1953 (V. Roth & R.O. Schuster, AMNH), ɗ; Inverness, Laurel Rd, 0.7 mi from Francis Drake Blvd, 38.07013 122.8349 [MY02269], 30 Aug 1908 (Starrett, Ballard, Crows,), Ψ; Drake's View Road [38.074 -122.8485, PR050], 16 May 2002 (S. Lew, AMNH), juv; Panoramic Hwy, E of Mt Tamalpais SP Pantoll Campground, btwn Laguna Creek & Fern Creek, 37.91433 -122.58464 [MY03199–202], 26 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), Ψw/eggs, 3juv; N San Pedro Rd at Point San Pedro Rd, 37.99741 -122.45714 [MY03354–6], 15 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 3Ψ; Sir Francis Drake Rd, 0.1 mi E of Samuel P Taylor SP eastern boundary, 38.00533 -122.7073 [MY03186], 25 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), Ψ; Sir Francis Drake Rd, 1.2 mi W of Samuel P Taylor SP eastern boundary, 38.0069 -122.71163 [MY03187–8], 25 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2 juv; Hwy 1, 0.4 mi S of Sir Francis Drake Blvd/Olema, 38.0361 -122.78357 [MY03189–91], 25 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 3juv; Tomales Bay SP entrance, Pierce Point Rd, 38.12314 -122.90067 [MY03192– 3], 25 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), Ψ, Ψw/eggsac; Angel Island SP, Sunset Trail, 47.8636 -122.4342 [MY03375–7], 16 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 3Ψ; <b>Mendocino Co:</b> Anchor Bay [38.8028 - 123.5767, PR065], 28 Jun 1952 (W.J. Gertsch, AMNH), Ψ; Mailliard Redwoods State Reserve, 4 mi W of Rt 128 [38.9059 -123.3306, PR058, 61, 72], 6 Aug 1972 (F. Coyle, AMNH), ɗ, 2Ψ; Mountain View Rd, 20.7 mi W of Hwy 128, 38.95763 -123.61858 [MY03209–11], 27 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 3Ψ; Hopland Field Station, [39.0011 -123.088, PR028, 67], 26 Sep 1972, 20 Sep 1973 (M.M. Bentzien, AMNH), 2ɗ; Old Toll Rd/Highland Springs Rd, 1.2 mi W of Sheldon Creek Campground turnoff, or 13.6 mi W of Hwy 175, 38.94166 -123.01546 [MY03154–6], 17 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ, juv; Mountain House Dr, 1.6 mi S of Hwy 101, 38.94984 -123.10792, MY03160–1], 18 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ; Old Toll Rd, 1 mi S Hwy 175, 38.95947 -123.05571 [MY03152], 17 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), Ψ; Mountain View Rd, 11.8 mi W of Hwy 128, 38.95998 -123.49644 [MY03212–4], 27 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ, juv; Hopland Field Station, University Rd, 1.1 mi from JCT w/ Eastside Rd, 38.98818 -123.08213 [MY03021–4], 14 Mar 2005 (J. Bond, A. Stockman, D. Beamer, ECU – CAS), 4Ψ; Mountain View Rd, 3.3 mi W of Hwy 128, 39.0063 -123.41992 [MY03215–7], 27 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 3Ψ; County Rd 201, 4.2 mi N of Hwy 175 (201 is turnoff for Hopland Field STN, but do not turn onto University Dr), 39.02832 -123.13034 [MY03159], 18 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), Ψ; Orr Springs Rd, 18.2 mi W of Ackerman Creek, 39.23083 -123.4757 [MY03033–5], 14 Mar 2005 (J. Bond, A. Stockman, D. Beamer, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ, juv; Orr Springs Rd, 12.1 mi W of Ackerman Creek, 39.23529 -123.39412 [MY03030–2], 14 Mar 2005 (J. Bond, A. Stockman, D. Beamer, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ, juv; Orr Springs Rd, 24.1 mi W of Ackerman Creek, 39.26095 -123.54851 [MY03036–40], 14 Mar 2005 (J. Bond, A. Stockman, D. Beamer, ECU – CAS), 3Ψ, juv; Orr Springs Rd, 30.5 mi W of Ackerman Creek, 39.2732 -123.64715 [MY03042], 14 Mar 2005 (J. Bond, A. Stockman, D. Beamer, ECU – CAS), Ψ; Orr Springs Rd, 36.2 mi W of Ackerman Creek, 39.27688 -123.70979 [MY03043, 3045–6], 14 Mar 2005 (J. Bond, A. Stockman, D. Beamer, ECU – CAS), Ψ, 2 juv; Hwy 20, 12.8 mi E of Hwy 1, 39.35789 -123.63547 [MY03222–4], 28 May 2005 (Stockman, ECU – CAS), Ψ, Ψw/eggsac, juv; Hwy 20, 22.0 mi E of Hwy 1, 39.35963 -123.50736 [MY03226–8], 28 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), Ψ, 2 juv; Hwy 20, 4.4 mi E of Hwy 1, 39.40488 -123.73406 [MY03219–21], 28 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), Ψ, Ψw/eggsac, juv; <b>Merced Co:</b> Dinosaur Point Rd, 0.5 mi SE of Hwy 152, 37.06493 -121.21024 [MY03281–3], 7 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 3Ψ; Upper Cotton Wood Creek Wildlife Area, N side of Hwy 152 near NW side of San Luis Reservoir, 37.08617 -121.18121 [MY03276–8], 7 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 3Ψ; <b>Monterey Co:</b> Cachagua Rd, 0.1 mi from W jct w/ Carmel Valley Rd, 36.44528 -121.68333 [MY00715], 13 Dec 1999 (J. Bond & van der Merwe, AMNH), Ψ; Carmel Valley Rd, 36.45118 -121.69199 [MY03132], 15 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), Ψ; <b>Napa Co:</b> 10 mi S of Monticello [38.4088 -122.2041, PR060], 12 May 1957 (L.M. Smith & R.O. Schuste, AMNH), 4Ψ; 7 mi W of Oakville [38.4091 -122.4594, PR055], 3 Jan1958 (F. Raney & E.O. Schuster, AMNH), juv; Monticello [38.5872 -122.2313, PR059], 22 Feb1938 (E.S. Ross, AMNH), Ψ; Suisan Valley Rd, 7.0 mi SE of Hwy 121, 38.31408 -122.13065 [MY03135–7], 16 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ, juv; Oakville Grade/Trinity Rd, 8.1 mi E of Hwy 12, 38.41138 -122.4287 [MY03346–8], 14 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), Ψ, 2 juv; Hwy 128, 2.0 mi W of Monticello Dam, 38.49525 -122.12369 [MY03338–41], 13 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 4Ψ; Hwy 128, 7.8 mi W Hwy 121, 38.50469 -122.29505 [MY03343–5], 13 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 3Ψ; Petrified Forest Rd & Mountain Home Ranch Rd jct, 38.56964 - 122.62698 [MY03147–9], 17 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 3Ψ; Berryessa Knoxville Rd, 38.72353 - 122.26568 [MY03139–41], 16 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), Ψ, 2 juv; <b>San Benito Co:</b> Panoche Rd/ J1, 24.0 mi E of Hwy 25, 36.61402 -120.95451 [MY03302–4], 9 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ, juv; Quien Sabe Rd, 2.4 mi E of Santa Anita Rd, 36.81148 -121.24194 [MY03298–9], 8 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ; Cannon Rd, 0.3 mi S of Anzar Rd, 36.87936 -121.58991 [MY03322–4], 11 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), Ψ, Ψw/eggsac, juv; <b>San Francisco Co:</b> San Francisco [37.775 -122.4183, PR007], 27 Sep 1969 (R.F. Sternitizky, AMNH), Ψ; <b>San Mateo Co:</b> Alpine Rd, 2.5 mi E of Pescadero Rd, 37.29101 -122.22947 [MY03110–2], 13 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 3juv; Sam MacDonald Park, 2 mi S of La Honda, [37.3019 -122.2687, PR037], 17 Oct 1971 (M.M. Bentzien, AMNH), Ψ; Hillsborough [37.5602 -122.35628, PR092], 22 Dec 1972 (B. Thompson, AMNH), Ψ; 0.5 mi E of radio towers, San Bruno Mtn [37.6819 -122.4272, PR014], 17 Jan 1971 (M.M. Bentzien, AMNH), Ψ; Costanos Canyon, NE side of San Bruno Mtn, 37.6992 -122.4214 [MY02271], 22 Aug 2003 (Starrett & Ballard,), Ψ; Gazos Creek Rd, 1.2 mi E of Hwy 1, 37.18209 -122.35065 [MY03118–20], 13 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), Ψ, 2 juv; Portola SP, entrance road, 0.2 mi from 1st fee station, 37.25583 -122.21896 [MY03104–6], 13 Mar 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), Ψ, 2 juv; Tunitas Creek Rd & Lobitos Creek Rd JCT, 37.37937 -122.37457 [MY03117], 13 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), Ψ; Skyline Blvd/Hwy 35, 11.8 mi N of La Honda Rd, 37.4182 -122.31928 [MY03113–5], 13 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ, juv; Hwy 35, 8.3 mi N of Hwy 84, near Purisima Creek Redwood Preserve, 37.45016 -122.33858 [MY03250–1], 2 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ; San Pedro Valley County Park, Plaskon Nature Trail, 37.57791 -122.47524 [MY03244–6], 2 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), Ψ, 2 juv; <b>Santa Clara Co:</b> Montebello Rd, 5 mi SW of Cupertino, 37.2918 -122.0963 [PR003, 71, 89–90], 10 Oct 1977 (W.R. Icenogle, CAS), 3Ψ, Ψw/spiderlings; Montebello Rd [37.293 -122.0971, PR068], 5 Aug 1972 (F. Coyle, AMNH), Ψ; San Jose [37.3394 - 121.8939, PR074], 19 Nov 1954 (J.G. Edwards, AMNH), ɗ; 1 mi E of Alum Rock Park exit [37.4028 - 121.7809, PR013, 15–18], 23 Oct 1970 (E.L. Schlinger & M.M. Ben, AMNH), 2ɗ, 4Ψ, 2Ψw/spiderlings; Palo Alto [37.4419 -122.1419, PR029], 1 Aug 1931 (W.L.J., AMNH), 2ɗ; Palo Alto [37.4419 -122.1419, PR033, 49], 18 Nov 1922 (J.C. Chamberlin, AMNH), 2ɗ; Palo Alto [37.4419 -122.1419, PR035], n/a (n/a, AMNH), ɗ; Canada Rd, SW of Jamison Rd, 37.01569 -121.49001 [MY03468–71], 24 Jan 2006 (A. Stockman & P. Marek, ECU – CAS), 4Ψ; Leavesley Rd, 0.9 mi S of Roop Rd, 37.05034 -121.51101 [MY03285–6], 7 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ; Leavesley Rd, just E of Roop Rd, 37.05747 -121.51882 [MY03472, 3474–5], 24 Jan 2006 (A. Stockman & P. Marek, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ, juv; Gilroy Hot Springs Rd, 0.6 mi NE of Canada Rd, 37.07504 -121.46813 [MY03287–9], 7 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ, juv; Almaden Rd, 1.0 mi E of Hicks Rd, 37.16645 -121.82911 [MY03333–5], 11 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 3Ψ; Mt Hamilton Rd/Hwy 130, 3.6 mi E of Quimby Rd, 37.32899 -121.67699 [MY03093–4], 13 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ; Alum Rock Park, trail near Quail Hollow bridge, 37.39348 -121.81573 [MY03479–80, 3484], 25 Jan 2006 (A. Stockman & P. Marek, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ, juv; road to Henry W Coe SP, 3.7 mi E of Hwy 101, 37.15203 -121.58648 [MY02459, 2463], 12 Oct 2003 (M. Hedin & J. Starrett, ECU – CAS), 2Ψ; <b>Santa Cruz Co:</b> <i>ca.</i> 4.1 mi N of Soquel Center, 36.98806 -121.95556 [MY00638], 27 Jul 2002 (M. Hedin, P. Paquin, J. Starrett,, ECU – CAS), Ψ; Mt Madonna County Park, 37.01167 -121.72083 [MY00717], 15 Dec 1999 (Bond & M. van der Merwe, CAS), Ψ; 3 mi N of Soquel [37.032 -121.9461, PR019, 46], 24 Apr 1970 (E.I. Schlinger, SCW), 2 juv; Ben Lomond [37.0851 -122.122, PR030], 2 Jun 1945 (L.W. Saylor, AMNH), Ψ; Ben Lomond [37.0892 -122.0853, PR032], 6 Jul 1956 (V. Roth, AMNH), Ψ; Big Basin SP [37.185 -122.2173, PR006], 24 Sep 1969 (S. & J. Peck, AMNH), ɗ; Big Basin SP, north entrance [37.1996 -122.1962, PR012], 23 Dec 1953 (V. Roth, AMNH), Ψ; Henry Cowell Redwoods SP, Hwy 9, 1.1 mi S of entrance, 37.03099 -122.06482 [MY03123–5], 15 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 3Ψ; Swanton Rd, 3.9 mi from S entrance off Hwy 1, 37.06446 -122.22775 [MY03064–5, 3068], 17 Mar 2005 (J. Bond, A. Stockman, D. Beamer, ECU – CAS), Ψ, 2 juv; Summit Rd/Hwy 35, 5 mi S of Hwy 17, 37.11104 -121.9117 [MY03126–8], 15 May 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU – CAS), 3Ψ; Big Basin SP, Hihn Hammond Trail, 37.1652 - 122.2395 [MY03254], 3 Jun 2005 (A. Stockman, ECU &nda

Promyrmekiaphila Schenkel 1950

Genus Promyrmekiaphila Schenkel 1950 Promyrmekiaphila Schenkel 1950: 29 (type species by monotypy Promyrmekiaphila gertschi Schenkel). Diagnosis: Males can be separated from those of other euctenizine genera by a patch of thin spines on the ventral and retrolateral ventral aspect of tibia of leg I (e.g., Figs 26, 31). Promyrmekiaphila females are easily distinguished from other closely related taxa (e.g., Aptostichus) by an extensive patch of cuspules that is distributed across the entire endite surface (Figs 10, 14). A second diagnostic feature is a distinctive abdominal coloration pattern (Fig. 1) that consists of wide, dark uniform bands (i.e., little to no mottling) in a chevron pattern. Description: Moderate-sized trapdoor spiders, carapace 5.60–7.84 long by 4.76–6.88 wide, glabrous or very lightly hirsute (Fig. 8), fringe of stout black bristles (ɗ’s, Fig. 13). Carapace coloration ranges from dark yellowish brown to strong brown (Figs 1, 8, 13). Abdominal coloration uniform dark reddish-brown dorsally (ɗ’s) or some species with wide dusky stripes on dorsum (Ψ’s, Fig. 1), ventrum and spinnerets pale yellow. Carapace sclerotization uniform (Fig. 8). Foveal groove generally deep and procurved (Fig. 8). Eyes slightly elevated (Fig. 9). AME, PME subequal in diameter; AER slightly procurved, PER slightly recurved (Fig. 8). Pars cephalica moderately elevated (not steep, Fig. 9). Sternum as in most euctenizines, wider posteriorly and tapering anteriorly with widest point at coxae III (Figs 10, 12). Posterior pair of sigilla usually much larger, nearly contiguous. Palpal endites longer than wide, large patch of many cuspules (ca. 100) distributed evenly across endite surface (Figs 10, 14). Labium wider than long or subquadrate, with no to few cuspules (Fig. 10). Prolateral margin of chelicerae with 7 or more teeth (Fig. 15), retrolateral margin with single row/patch of small denticles. Rastellum not a distinct mound, armed with row of 8–10 prominent short spines (Fig. 15). Articles of legs I, II slender relative to those of III, IV, all lacking pseudosegmentation; thin ventral spines only (Fig. 11). Tarsi III, IV straight. Moderately dense scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi I–II in both sexes (Fig. 11, 26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 35, 39, 40), tarsi of legs III–IV (ɗ’s), and metatarsi of legs III–IV in P. clathrata (ɗ’s). Tarsi I with single row of filiform trichobothria, usually arranged in zig-zag pattern. Trichobothria bases elevated distally, with small ridges (Fig. 16), tarsal organ a low dome with faint concentric ridges (Fig. 17). Rudimentary preening comb at tarsus–metatarsus joint of metatarsus on leg IV (Ψ’s). Palpal claw with single row of few teeth, basal-most tooth elongate, unbranched (Fig. 18). STC leg I with single inner row of multiple teeth (ɗ, Ψ), basal-most tooth (Ψ’s) slightly longer, unbranched (Fig. 19); STC leg IV (Ψ’s) few teeth (ca. 2, Fig. 20). Apical article of PLS digitiform, short; all three segments with articulated spigots (Fig. 21). Three morphologically distinguishable spigot types (Figs 22, 23): large conical bases (Fig. 22); small conical base (Fig. 22), spherical base (Fig. 23). Terminal segment with 2–3 enlarged spigots at tip. PMS single segment, with spigots (Fig. 24), short, with rounded apex. Spermathecae relatively simple, a single pair of unbranched (Fig. 29, 30, 33) or branched bulbs (Fig. 37, 38, 41) with moderately sclerotized base. Distinctive male mating clasper (modified tibia and metatarsus of leg I, e.g., Fig. 31); metatarsus relatively straight with slight proximal ventral excavation. Cymbium of male pedipalp lacks spines (Fig. 28, 36), short pyriform palpal bulb simple, embolus relatively straight, lacks serrations (Fig. 25). Distribution: Central-western and northwestern California. Remarks: Unlike its more diverse relative Aptostichus, widely distributed throughout southern and central California, Promyrmekiaphila has a relatively restricted distribution (Figs 4–6). Distributed west of the Central Valley, the genus extends to south of the San Francisco Bay area into Santa Cruz County and north into Mendocino County. A single disjunct species is found at the northwestern apex of the Central Valley, in Tehama and Shasta Counties. Members of the genus are unknown from the agriculturally dominated Central Valley, and no spiders have yet been found east of it. Niche-based distribution models created using Maxent (Phillips, Anderson, & Schapire, 2006) for each of the two species (Figs 5, 6, see Stockman & Bond 2007) indicate that each are found under very different environmental conditions. Promyrmekiaphila clathrata populations are most abundant in rich, dark soils of the mesic mixed oak and redwood forests common along the Pacific Coast near the San Francisco Bay Area (Fig. 4). The probability of occurrence tends to decrease towards the east, likely corresponding to a general increase in aridity (Stockman & Bond 2007) in that direction (Fig. 6). A few, rare populations have been found in very dry, hard soils near the western edge of the Central Valley. These populations are typically located in more mesic microhabitat zones associated with some degree of vegetation coverage. Promyrmekiaphila winnemem populations are greatly separated geographically from P. clathrata populations by large expanses of unsuitable habitat (Fig. 5). Natural History: Throughout its range, all known Promyrmekiaphila individuals build subterranean burrows, easily located on steep road cuts and creek banks. However, burrows can also be found under leaf litter, moss, bare soil, and tall grass. The sometimes-convoluted burrows tend to extend back and downward from the bank face to depths over 30 cm. The entire length of the burrow typically has a moderate lining of opaque white silk. The burrow entrance is covered with a wafer-like trapdoor, constructed of silk, soil and other detritus, rendering the burrow highly cryptic (Figs 2, 3). Although rare, smaller side chambers have been observed, some extending upward to the soil surface and others perpendicular to the main chamber and blind. Unlike in burrows of Myrmekiaphila Atkinson 1886, its Euctenizine kin, internal trapdoors have not been observed.Published as part of Stockman, Amy K. & Bond, And Jason E., 2008, A taxonomic review of the trapdoor spider genus Promyrmekiaphila Schenkel (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Euctenizinae), pp. 25-41 in Zootaxa 1823 on pages 29-32, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18305