Years and states included in analysis.

<p>Years and states included in analysis.</p

Blastomycosis-associated hospitalization incidence and rate of blastomycosis hospitalizations per all-cause hospitalization.

<p>Blastomycosis-associated hospitalization incidence and rate of blastomycosis hospitalizations per all-cause hospitalization.</p

Map of age-adjusted blastomycosis-associated hospitalization incidence in the United States.

<p>Map of age-adjusted blastomycosis-associated hospitalization incidence in the United States.</p

Trends in blastomycosis hospitalization incidence among states with a significant annual percentage change (A) and states with no significant annual percentage change (B).

<p>Trends in blastomycosis hospitalization incidence among states with a significant annual percentage change (A) and states with no significant annual percentage change (B).</p

Relative incidence of selected co-morbid conditions among CM hospitalizations compared to all-cause hospitalizations.

<p>Note: SLE =  Systemic Lupus Erythromatosus; RA = Rheumatoid Arthritis; NOS =  Not Otherwise specified.</p><p>Total CM related hospitalizations for the 2008–2009 period: 1,039. Total All hospitalizations for 2008–2009∶33,102,694.</p

Hospitalizations for CM in the US.

<p>A) Hospitalization for CM per million population in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients. B) In hospital mortality per million population in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients.</p

Geographic incidence of CM.

<p>A) Map of the US showing, highlighted, states reporting to ARHQ continuously during the study period and their incidence of CM in HIV-infected and B) HIV-uninfected associated hospitalizations per million population.</p

Seroepidemiology of helminths and the association with severe malaria among infants and young children in Tanzania

<div><p>The disease burden of <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> and <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> malaria is high, particularly in Africa, and co-infection is common. However, the effects of filarial infection on the risk of severe malaria are unknown. We used the remaining serum samples from a large cohort study in Muheza, Tanzania to describe vector-borne filarial sero-reactivity among young children and to identify associations between exposure to filarial parasites and subsequent severe malaria infections. We identified positive filarial antibody responses (as well as positive antibody responses to <i>Strongyloides stercoralis</i>) among infants as young as six months. In addition, we found a significant association between filarial seropositivity at six months of age and subsequent severe malaria. Specifically, infants who developed severe malaria by one year of age were 3.9 times more likely (OR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.2, 13.0) to have been seropositive for filarial antigen at six months of age compared with infants who did not develop severe malaria.</p></div

Proportions of children seropositive for filaria and for Strongyloides by age.

<p>The proportion of children with filarial antibodies increased with age: 16.8% at 6 months, 18.9% at one year, 32.9% at 1.5 years, 39.2% at 2 years to 60.0% at 2.5 years. In contrast, the proportion of children with antibodies to Strongyloides stayed fairly constant: 8.1% at 6 months, 3.1% at 1 year, 4.5% at 1.5 years, 5.4% at 2 years and 8.0% at 2.5 years.</p

Seroepidemiology of helminths and the association with severe malaria among infants and young children in Tanzania - Fig 1

<p><b>Receiver operating curves for filaria (a), Strongyloides (b) using sera from US naïve donors as negative controls and from parasitologically proven infected donors as positive controls.</b> The analysis suggested good performance characteristics for both assays, with optimal cutoff values for seropositivity of 107 for filaria and 170 for Strongyloides.</p