5,556 research outputs found
The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 and Homeownership: Is Smaller Now Better?
Prior to 1997, homeowners under 55 were allowed to defer capital gains taxes from a home sale if they bought another house at least as expensive, while those over 55 received a capital gains exclusion regardless of the cost of their new home. The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (TRA97) eliminated this differential tax treatment. We exploit the differential treatment before 1997 to uncover TRA97âs effects. Comparing homeowners under 55 before and after 1997, we find that those who moved after 1997 are twice as likely as to list âseeking less expensive housingâ as a reason for moving, 8 percent less likely to own their residences and 9 percent less likely to live in a single family home.
Psychosocial and educational outcomes of weight faltering in infancy in ALSPAC
OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether infants with weight faltering have impaired psychosocial and educational outcomes in later childhood. DESIGN: Follow-up of infants with weight faltering in a large UK cohort study. SETTING: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). PARTICIPANTS: 11â
534 term infants from ALSPAC with complete weight records. Weight gain (conditional on initial weight) was calculated for three periods: from birth to 8â
weeks, 8â
weeks to 9â
months, and birth to 9â
months. Cases of weight faltering were defined as those infants with a conditional weight gain below the 5th centile, and these were compared with the rest of the cohort as the control group. OUTCOMES: Between 6 and 11â
years, social, emotional and behavioural development was measured by direct assessment of the children and parental and teacher report. Educational outcomes included Standardised Assessment Test results at 7 and 11â
years and Special Educational Needs status at age 11. RESULTS: Differences seen on univariate analysis in attention, non-verbal accuracy, educational attainment and special educational needs became non-significant after adjustment for confounding. Children with weight faltering in infancy did not differ from controls on any measures of self-esteem, peer relationships, experience of bullying, social cognition, antisocial activities, anxiety, depression or behavioural problems. CONCLUSIONS: Weight faltering in early infancy was associated with poorer educational outcomes in later childhood, but these associations were explained by confounding. The subsequent psychosocial development of infants with slow weight gain was not different from that of their peers
Instabilities and Patterns in Coupled Reaction-Diffusion Layers
We study instabilities and pattern formation in reaction-diffusion layers
that are diffusively coupled. For two-layer systems of identical two-component
reactions, we analyze the stability of homogeneous steady states by exploiting
the block symmetric structure of the linear problem. There are eight possible
primary bifurcation scenarios, including a Turing-Turing bifurcation that
involves two disparate length scales whose ratio may be tuned via the
inter-layer coupling. For systems of -component layers and non-identical
layers, the linear problem's block form allows approximate decomposition into
lower-dimensional linear problems if the coupling is sufficiently weak. As an
example, we apply these results to a two-layer Brusselator system. The
competing length scales engineered within the linear problem are readily
apparent in numerical simulations of the full system. Selecting a :1
length scale ratio produces an unusual steady square pattern.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
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