Diseño de la zona de almacenamiento y aplicación de sistema de paletizado automático para un planta de distribución de productos alimentarios

This project focuses on the creation of a high-performance warehouse that incorporates an automatic storage and retrieval system, designed specifically for a food products distribution plant. The main objective of this project is to address the logistical challenges faced by clad-rack automated warehouses, such as the need to optimize space, reduce operation times and guarantee the quality and safety of perishable products. To achieve this, an automatic palletizing system has been defined that allows the efficient organization of products on pallets, optimizing storage space and facilitating the handling and tracking of products throughout the supply chain. In this study, the key components of this system are analyzed in depth, including the structure of the warehouse itself, the pallet transport systems and the management software. It is investigated how these technologies can be effectively integrated into the distribution plant warehouse, ensuring smooth operation and efficient inventory management. Different configurations and palletizing strategies are explored to adapt to the specific needs of the plant and the food products it handles. The final results demonstrate a significant reduction in operating costs, greater efficiency in product handling, and improvement in distribution quality and accuracy. In addition, the positive impact on sustainability is highlighted, since automation leads to a reduction in waste and energy consumption. Outlining, this project provides a detailed guide for the design and implementation of warehouses with automatic storage and retrieval systems. The findings and recommendations presented here have the potential to transform the industry, improving the ability to store and distribute products more efficiently, economically and sustainably. This research provides a valuable roadmap for companies in the food sector and future projects, in general, that seek to improve their storage and distribution capacity effectively.Aquest projecte se centra en la creació d'un magatzem d'alt rendiment que incorpora un sistema de paletitzat automàtic, dissenyat específicament per a una planta de distribució de productes alimentaris. L'objectiu principal d'aquest projecte és abordar els desafiaments logístics que enfronten els magatzems automàtics autoportants, com la necessitat d'optimitzar l'espai, reduir els temps d'operació i garantir la qualitat i seguretat dels productes peribles. Per a aconseguir això, s'ha definit un sistema de paletitzat automàtic que permet l'organització eficient dels productes en paletes, optimitzant l'espai d'emmagatzematge i facilitant la manipulació i el seguiment dels productes al llarg de la cadena de subministrament. En aquest estudi, s'analitzen en profunditat els components clau d'aquest sistema, que inclouen l'estructura en si del mateix magatzem, els sistemes de transport de paletes i el programari de gestió. S'investiga com aquestes tecnologies poden integrar-se de manera efectiva en el magatzem de la planta de distribució, assegurant una operació sense problemes i una gestió eficient d'inventari. S'exploren diferents configuracions i estratègies de paletitzat per a adaptar-se a les necessitats específiques de la planta i els productes alimentaris que maneja. Els resultats finals demostren una reducció significativa en els costos operatius, una major eficiència en la manipulació de productes i una millora en la qualitat i precisió de la distribució. A més, es destaca l'impacte positiu en la sostenibilitat, ja que l'automatització comporta una reducció en els residus i el consum d'energia. En resum, aquest projecte proporciona una guia detallada per al disseny i implementació de magatzems amb sistemes de paletitzat automàtic. Les troballes i recomanacions aquí presentats tenen el potencial de transformar la indústria, millorant la capacitat d'emmagatzematge i distribució de productes de manera més eficient, econòmica i sostenible. Aquesta recerca proporciona un full de ruta valuós per a empreses del sector d'aliments i futurs projectes, en general, que busquen millorar la seva capacitat d'emmagatzematge i distribució de manera efectiva.Este proyecto se centra en la creación de un almacén de alto rendimiento que incorpora un sistema de paletizado automático, diseñado específicamente para una planta de distribución de productos alimentarios. El objetivo principal de este proyecto es abordar los desafíos logísticos que enfrentan los almacenes automáticos autoportantes, como la necesidad de optimizar el espacio, reducir los tiempos de operación y garantizar la calidad y seguridad de los productos perecederos. Para lograr esto, se ha definido un sistema de paletizado automático que permite la organización eficiente de los productos en paletas, optimizando el espacio de almacenamiento y facilitando la manipulación y el seguimiento de los productos a lo largo de la cadena de suministro. En este estudio, se analizan en profundidad los componentes clave de este sistema, que incluyen la estructura en sí del mismo almacén, los sistemas de transporte de paletas y el software de gestión. Se investiga cómo estas tecnologías pueden integrarse de manera efectiva en el almacén de la planta de distribución, asegurando una operación sin problemas y una gestión eficiente de inventario. Se exploran diferentes configuraciones y estrategias de paletizado para adaptarse a las necesidades específicas de la planta y los productos alimentarios que maneja. Los resultados finales demuestran una reducción significativa en los costos operativos, una mayor eficiencia en la manipulación de productos y una mejora en la calidad y precisión de la distribución. Además, se destaca el impacto positivo en la sostenibilidad, ya que la automatización conlleva una reducción en los residuos y el consumo de energía. En resumen, este proyecto proporciona una guía detallada para el diseño e implementación de almacenes con sistemas de paletizado automático. Los hallazgos y recomendaciones aquí presentados tienen el potencial de transformar la industria, mejorando la capacidad de almacenamiento y distribución de productos de manera más eficiente, económica y sostenible. Esta investigación proporciona una hoja de ruta valiosa para empresas del sector de alimentos y futuros proyectos, en general, que buscan mejorar su capacidad de almacenamiento y distribución de manera efectiva.Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructur

Estudio de prefactibilidad para una planta de aceite de oliva extra virgen en spray

This paper deals with a pre-feasibility study for an extra virgin olive oil spray plant in order to cover the national market with preference to the consumption of healthy foods. For this reason, a project is planned where the main product, which is extra virgin olive oil in spray, meets technical specifications and high quality standards to satisfy customer needs. Therefore, for the present investigation of the pre-feasibility study, various digital and printed tools have been collected to deepen the study such as, for example, Statistical Compendium, Newsletters, ProQuest, web pages, scientific books, among others. In addition to the aforementioned, a survey will be carried out to know the scope that the materialization of our product under study could reach. On the one hand, the first chapters to be explored will be briefly detailed, which are the following: a market study will be carried out, where an analysis of demand, supply and inputs will be carried out; the location of the plant will be identified; the size of the plant and its relationship with the raw material, the market, the investment, and the equilibrium point will be determined; Project engineering will be studied, where the existing technology, technical standards and matters relating to the production process will be defined; The organization and administration will be detailed, as a manual of functions and the legal aspects; and, finally, the investment required for this project will be estimated. On the other hand, the following chapters will be briefly detailed, which are the following: the calculation of income and expense budgets will be carried out, as well as a study of debt service; An economic and financial analysis will be carried out, here financial reports will be made (income statement and financial situation), calculation and interpretation of ratios and determination of cash flows; it will be evaluated economically and financially; and the social indicators and their interpretation will be evaluated. Finally, the pertinent conclusions and recommendations will be dictated, as well as the references and bibliographies that were used for this research work.El presente trabajo trata sobre un estudio de pre factibilidad para una planta de aceite de oliva extra virgen en spray con la finalidad de cubrir el mercado nacional con preferencia al consumo de alimentos saludables. Por tal motivo, se planea un proyecto en donde el producto principal, el cual es el aceite de oliva extra virgen en spray, cumpla con las especificaciones técnicas y altos estándares de calidad para la satisfacción de las necesidades del cliente. Por ello, para la presente investigación del estudio de pre factibilidad, se ha recolectado diversas herramientas digitales e impresas para profundizar el estudio como, por ejemplo, Compendio Estadístico, Boletines, ProQuest, páginas webs, libros científicos, entre otros. Adicional a lo mencionado previamente, se realizará una encuesta para saber el alcance que podría llegar la materialización de nuestro producto en estudio. Por un lado, brevemente se detallará los primeros capítulos a profundizar los cuales son los siguientes: se realizará un estudio de mercado, donde se realizará un análisis de la demanda, oferta e insumos; se identificará la localización de la planta; se determinará el tamaño de planta y su relación con la materia prima, el mercado, la inversión, y el punto de equilibrio; se estudiará la ingeniería de proyecto, donde se definirá la tecnología existente, las normas técnicas y lo referente al proceso productivo; se detallará la organización y administración, como manual de funciones y los aspectos legales; y, por último, se estimará la inversión requerida para el presente proyecto. Por otro lado, brevemente se detallará los siguientes capítulos los cuales son los siguientes: se realizará el cálculo de los presupuestos de ingresos y egresos, así como un estudio del servicio de la deuda; se efectuará un análisis económico y financiero, aquí se realizará reportes financieros (estado de resultados y de situación financiera), cálculo e interpretación de ratios y determinación de flujos de fondo; se evaluará económica y financieramente; y se evaluará los indicadores sociales y su interpretación. Por último, se dictarán las pertinentes conclusiones y recomendaciones, así como las referencias y bibliografías que se usaron para el presente trabajo de investigación

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% 47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% 32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% 27.9-42.8] and 33.3% 25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundRegular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations.MethodsThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds.FindingsThe leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles.InterpretationLong-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere