A comparative study on the kinetics and mechanisms of removal of Reactive Black 5 by adsorption onto activated carbons and bone char

The adsorption of a large reactive dye, Reactive Black 5, onto four adsorbents has been studied. A commercial active carbon, F400, was selected as a standard and two active carbons prepared from bamboo, a biomaterial. The two bamboo derived carbons, BACX2 and BACX6 had high specific surface areas, namely, 2123 and 1400 m(2)/g, respectively. A fourth widely used adsorbent, bone char, was also tested. The adsorption capacities for F400, bone char, BACX2 and BACX6 were 198, 160, 286 and 473 mg/g, respectively. A series of batch kinetics were carried out to investigate the rate and possible mechanism of Reactive Black 5 adsorption. Two pseudo-kinetic models and one intraparticle diffusion model were tested. The experimental concentration versus time decay curves were best explained by the intraparticle diffusion model. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Biodegradation of Reactive Black 5 and Bioregeneration in Upflow Fixed Bed Bioreactors Packed with Different Adsorbents

BACKGROUND: Unutilized dyes present a significant environmental problem. Recently, biological activated carbon has been used extensively for the removal of gas and wastewater pollutants but its use in dye removal is still limited. The system provides simultaneous adsorption of pollutants and biodegradation/biotransformation of pollutants in a single reactor, and showed high efficiency and a long working life. RESULTS: The adsorption of Reactive Black 5 by three selected adsorbents, F400, bone char and bamboo activated carbon, was studied. The relationships between adsorption, desorption, bioregeneration and the effect of nutrient on dye adsorption was assessed. The potential value of using adsorbents as a microbial support in the biodegradation of Reactive Black 5 was investigated. Biodegradation was greatly enhanced in the fixed bed bioreactors and complete decolorization was achieved in all the reactors studied with hydraulic retention time less than 15 minutes. The bioregenerated adsorption capacity of bamboo activated carbon in the bioreactor was found to be the highest. CONCLUSION: Decolorization of Reactive Black 5 was significantly enhanced in the bioreactors. Results showed that the immobilized bacteria can increase the desorbability of the adsorbed dye, which is important for practical operation, and that bamboo activated carbon demonstrated potential as a packing material in fixed bed bioreactors. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industr

Use of Incineration MSW Ash: A Review

This study reviews the characteristics of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ashes, with a main focus on the chemical properties of the ashes. Furthermore, the possible treatment methods for the utilization of ash, namely, separation processes, solidification/stabilization and thermal processes, are also discussed. Seven types of MSWI ash utilization are reviewed, namely, cement and concrete production, road pavement, glasses and ceramics, agriculture, stabilizing agent, adsorbents and zeolite production. The practical use of MSWI ash shows a great contribution to waste minimization as well as resources conservation

Use of Incineration MSW Ash: A Review

This study reviews the characteristics of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ashes, with a main focus on the chemical properties of the ashes. Furthermore, the possible treatment methods for the utilization of ash, namely, separation processes, solidification/stabilization and thermal processes, are also discussed. Seven types of MSWI ash utilization are reviewed, namely, cement and concrete production, road pavement, glasses and ceramics, agriculture, stabilizing agent, adsorbents and zeolite production. The practical use of MSWI ash shows a great contribution to waste minimization as well as resources conservation.municipal solid waste; fly ash; incineration; waste management; waste utilization; hazardous waste

Nusinersen versus Sham Control in Later-Onset Spinal Muscular Atrophy

International audienceBACKGROUND Nusinersen is an antisense oligonucleotide drug that modulates pre-messenger RNA splicing of the survival motor neuron 2 (SMN2) gene. It has been developed for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). METHODS We conducted a multicenter, double-blind, sham-controlled, phase 3 trial of nusinersen in 126 children with SMA who had symptom onset after 6 months of age. The children were randomly assigned, in a 2: 1 ratio, to undergo intrathecal administration of nusinersen at a dose of 12 mg (nusinersen group) or a sham procedure (control group) on days 1, 29, 85, and 274. The primary end point was the least-squares mean change from baseline in the Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale-Expanded (HFMSE) score at 15 months of treatment; HFMSE scores range from 0 to 66, with higher scores indicating better motor function. Secondary end points included the percentage of children with a clinically meaningful increase from baseline in the HFMSE score (>= 3 points), an outcome that indicates improvement in at least two motor skills. RESULTS In the prespecified interim analysis, there was a least-squares mean increase from baseline to month 15 in the HFMSE score in the nusinersen group (by 4.0 points) and a least-squares mean decrease in the control group (by -1.9 points), with a significant between-group difference favoring nusinersen (least-squares mean difference in change, 5.9 points; 95% confidence interval, 3.7 to 8.1; P< 0.001). This result prompted early termination of the trial. Results of the final analysis were consistent with results of the interim analysis. In the final analysis, 57% of the children in the nusinersen group as compared with 26% in the control group had an increase from baseline to month 15 in the HFMSE score of at least 3 points (P< 0.001), and the overall incidence of adverse events was similar in the nusinersen group and the control group (93% and 100%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Among children with later-onset SMA, those who received nusinersen had significant and clinically meaningful improvement in motor function as compared with those in the control group. (Funded by Biogen and Ionis Pharmaceuticals; CHERISH ClinicalTrials. gov number, NCT02292537.