Editorial: New Developments With Magnetoelectrical Techniques in Schizophrenia

Editorial on the Research Topic New Developments With Magnetoelectrical Techniques in Schizophreni

Relationship between serum prolactin levels and protein composition of breast secretions in nonlactating women

En esta interesante se describe la relación entre los niveles séricos de prolactina (PRL) basales y tras estimulación con hormona liberadora de tirotropina (TRH), y la composición proteica de la secreción del pezón en 54 mujeres premenopáusicas y no lactantes durante la fase lútea de su ciclo menstrual. Las mujeres incluidas en este estudio se clasificaron en cuatro grupos teniendo en cuenta la presencia o ausencia de patología mamaria y el patrón proteico de sus secreciones mamarias. Los fluidos mamarios tipo I contenían Zn-α2-glicoproteina, apolipoproteina D y la proteína 15 de la enfermedad macroquistica mamaria; mientras que los fluidos tipo II se caracterizaron por la presencia de algunas proteínas de la leche como la lactoferrina, lisozima y α-lactoalbumina. Los niveles basales de PRL, progesterona, LH, FSH, T3 y T4 estuvieron dentro de rangos normales y no se identificó ninguna diferencia entre los grupos de mujeres incluidas en el estudio. Sin embargo, después de una prueba de estimulación con TRH si se objetivaron diferencias entre los grupos. En ausencia de patología mamaria, el aumento de PRL fue significativamente superior en mujeres con secreciones tipo II frente a las que tenían secreción tipo I (64 ± 6.8 µg/L vs. 7 ± 3.9 µg/L, p<0.02). De manera similar, cuando se consideraron las concentraciones de PRL en pacientes con enfermedad mamaria benigna, aquellas con fluidos mamarios tipo II tuvieron un aumento de la PRL significativamente superior en comparación con las que tenían fluidos a las que les faltaban estas proteínas (77.1 ± 6.2 µg/L vs. 58.8 ± 5.1 µg/L; P<0.05). Estos resultados muestran que la presencia de proteínas de la leche en la secreción del pezón de mujeres no lactantes se asocia con un incremento de la PRL en el suero tras la estimulación con TRH. Con ello, se abre la posibilidad de utilizar este análisis como un procedimiento no invasivo para el estudio en el efecto putativo de la PRL en el desarrollo de enfermedades mamarias benignas y malignas.Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología, Plan Nacional de I

Expression and prognostic significance of apolipoprotein D in breast cancer.

En esta publicación se evaluó la expresión y la significación pronostica de la apolipoproteína D (apo D) en 163 carcinomas mamarios. La apo D es una glicoproteína involucrada en el sistema de transporte de lípidos del plasma humano y presente en grandes cantidades en el líquido de los quistes de mujeres con enfermedad macroquistica mamaria. Además, se ha propuesto como marcador de la acción esteroidea en células de cáncer de mama. La técnica empleada para evaluar la expresión de Apo D en carcinomas de mama fue la tinción con inmunoperoxidasa. Del total, 103 tumores se tiñeron para la apo D con una amplia variabilidad en la intensidad y el porcentaje de positividad. Para la cuantificación de la tinción se utilizó el sistema HSCORE que considera tanto la intensidad de la tinción como el porcentaje de células teñidas. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron una asociación significativa entre la apo D y el estado menopáusico de pacientes y el grado de diferenciación de los tumores. Los valores de apo D fueron más bajos en tumores de mujeres premenopáusicas o en carcinomas pobremente diferenciados, sugiriendo el valor potencial de esta glicoproteína como factor pronóstico en cáncer de mama. Además, el análisis preliminar de supervivencia libre de enfermedad y supervivencia global en un subgrupo de 152 mujeres con un seguimiento medio de 42 meses confirmó que los valores bajos de apo D se asociaban significativamente con una supervivencia libre de enfermedad más corta y una supervivencia global más pobre. No encontramos ninguna correlación significativa entre la apo D y el tamaño del tumor, la afectación de los ganglios linfáticos o parámetros bioquímicos como los receptores de estrógenos, la catepsina D o la proteína pS2. Los resultados de este estudio fueron muy trascendentes ya que nos permitieron proponer que la apo D, en combinación con otros factores pronósticos bien establecidos, podría contribuir a identificar con mayor precisión a subgrupos de pacientes con cáncer de mama con bajo o alto riesgo de recaída y muerte. La importancia de esta publicación se ha visto refrendada en publicaciones recientes donde se ha corroborado que esta lipoproteína está relacionada con la gravedad del cáncer de mama

Oxidative Stress, Telomere Shortening, and Apoptosis Associated to Sarcopenia and Frailty in Patients with Multimorbidity

The presence of oxidative stress, telomere shortening, and apoptosis in polypathological patients (PP) with sarcopenia and frailty remains unknown. Methods: Multicentric prospective observational study in order to assess oxidative stress markers (catalase, glutathione reductase (GR), total antioxidant capacity to reactive oxygen species (TAC-ROS), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)), absolute telomere length (aTL), and apoptosis (DNA fragmentation) in peripheral blood samples of a hospital-based population of PP. Associations of these biomarkers to sarcopenia, frailty, functional status, and 12-month mortality were analyzed. Results: Of the 444 recruited patients, 97 (21.8%), 278 (62.6%), and 80 (18%) were sarcopenic, frail, or both, respectively. Oxidative stress markers (lower TAC-ROS and higher SOD) were significantly enhanced and aTL significantly shortened in patients with sarcopenia, frailty or both syndromes. No evidence of apoptosis was detected in blood leukocytes of any of the patients. Both oxidative stress markers (GR, p = 0.04) and telomere shortening (p = 0.001) were associated to death risk and to less survival days. Conclusions: Oxidative stress markers and telomere length were enhanced and shortened, respectively, in blood samples of polypathological patients with sarcopenia and/or frailty. Both were associated to decreased survival. They could be useful in the clinical practice to assess vulnerable populations with multimorbidity and of potential interest as therapeutic targets

One-dimensional phosphinite platinum chains based on hydrogen bonding interactions and phosphinite tetranuclear platinum(II)-thallium(I) complexes † ‡ §

The mononuclear pentafluorophenyl platinum complex containing the chelated diphenylphosphinous acid/diphenylphosphinite system [Pt (C 6 F

Decreased spectral entropy modulation in patients with schizophrenia during a P300 task

Spectral entropy (SE), also known as Shannon entropy, is a useful parameter for quantifying the global regularity of the electroencephalographic (EEG) signal. Hence, it is of interest in the assessment of the electrophysiological correlates of cognitive processing in schizophrenia. However, to date, SE has been barely used in studies comparing resting EEG recordings between patients and controls. In this work, we compared SE between resting baseline [-250 0] ms and active task [150 550] ms windows of a P300 task in 31 patients with schizophrenia and 38 controls. Moreover, we also calculated the median frequency (MF) and relative power in each frequency band for these windows to assess the correlates of the possible SE differences. Controls showed a significant (p < 0.0029) SE decrease (i.e., meaning higher signal regularity) from baseline to the active task window at parietal and central electrode sites. This SE decrease from baseline to active conditions was significantly lower in patients. In controls, this SE decrease was accompanied by a statistically significant decrease in MF (i.e., a significant slowing of the EEG activity), not observed in patients. In this latter group, the difference in SE between resting baseline and active task windows was inversely correlated to positive and total symptoms scores, as measured with the positive and negative symptoms scale. Our data support the relevance of SE in the study of cerebral processing in schizophrenia

Supplementation with the Symbiotic Formulation Prodefen® Increases Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase and Decreases Oxidative Stress in Superior Mesenteric Artery from Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

In recent years, gut dysbiosis has been related to some peripheral vascular alterations linked to hypertension. In this work, we explore whether gut dysbiosis is related to vascular innervation dysfunction and altered nitric oxide (NO) production in the superior mesenteric artery, one of the main vascular beds involved in peripheral vascular resistance. For this purpose, we used spontaneously hypertensive rats, either treated or not with the commercial synbiotic formulation Prodefen® (108 colony forming units/day, 4 weeks). Prodefen® diminished systolic blood pressure and serum endotoxin, as well as the vasoconstriction elicited by electrical field stimulation (EFS), and enhanced acetic and butyric acid in fecal samples, and the vasodilation induced by the exogenous NO donor DEA-NO. Unspecific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME increased EFS-induced vasoconstriction more markedly in rats supplemented with Prodefen®. Both neuronal NO release and neuronal NOS activity were enhanced by Prodefen®, through a hyperactivation of protein kinase (PK)A, PKC and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-AKT signaling pathways. The superoxide anion scavenger tempol increased both NO release and DEA-NO vasodilation only in control animals. Prodefen® caused an increase in both nuclear erythroid related factor 2 and superoxide dismutase activities, consequently reducing both superoxide anion and peroxynitrite releases. In summary, Prodefen® could be an interesting non-pharmacological approach to ameliorate hypertensionThis research was funded by CiberCV (Grant number: CB16/11/00286), the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2020-116498RB-I00, and CDTI -Center for Industrial Technological Development-project PID 2020-FEDER Funds), and R+D projects for young researchers, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Comunidad de Madrid (SI1-PJI-2019-00321

Genetic analysis of high bone mass cases from the BARCOS cohort of spanish postmenopausal women

The aims of the study were to establish the prevalence of high bone mass (HBM) in a cohort of Spanish postmenopausal women (BARCOS) and to assess the contribution of LRP5 and DKK1 mutations and of common bone mineral density (BMD) variants to a HBM phenotype. Furthermore, we describe the expression of several osteoblast-specific and Wnt-pathway genes in primary osteoblasts from two HBM cases. A 0.6% of individuals (10/1600) displayed Z-scores in the HBM range (sum Z-score >4). While no mutation in the relevant exons of LRP5 was detected, a rare missense change in DKK1 was found (p.Y74F), which cosegregated with the phenotype in a small pedigree. Fifty-five BMD SNPs from Estrada et al. [NatGenet 44:491-501,2012] were genotyped in the HBM cases to obtain risk scores for each individual. In this small group of samples, Z-scores were found inversely related to risk scores, suggestive of a polygenic etiology. There was a single exception, which may be explained by a rare penetrant genetic variant, counterbalancing the additive effect of the risk alleles. The expression analysis in primary osteoblasts from two HBM cases and five controls suggested that IL6R, DLX3, TWIST1 and PPARG are negatively related to Z-score. One HBM case presented with high levels of RUNX2, while the other displayed very low SOX6. In conclusion, we provide evidence of lack of LRP5 mutations and of a putative HBM-causing mutation in DKK1. Additionally, we present SNP genotyping and expression results that suggest additive effects of several genes for HBM

Oral Vaccination with Heat-Inactivated Mycobacterium bovis Does Not Interfere with the Antemortem Diagnostic Techniques for Tuberculosis in Goats

Vaccination against tuberculosis (TB) is prohibited in cattle or other species subjected to specific TB eradication campaigns, due to the interference that it may cause with the official diagnostic tests. However, immunization with a heat-inactivated (HI) Mycobacterium bovis vaccine via the oral route has been suggested to overcome this issue. In this study, the main goal was to assess the interference of the HI vaccine by different routes of administration using a previous vaccination and re-vaccination (boosting) protocol. TB-free kid goats were divided into three groups: oral (n = 16), intramuscular (IM; n = 16), and control (n = 16). Results showed that there was a significant difference in the percentage of animals positive to the single intradermal test (SIT) and blood based interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) caused by vaccination when performed in the IM group compared to the oral group (p &lt; 0.001). Nevertheless, no positivity to the SIT or IGRA test was observed in orally vaccinated goats regardless of the different interpretation criteria applied. None of the groups presented positive antibody titers using an in-house ELISA and samples collected 2 months after the boost. These results suggest the potential usefulness of the HI vaccine by the oral route in goats to minimize the interference on diagnostic tests (skin and IGRA tests) and reducing the necessity of defined antigens to replace the traditional purified protein derivatives for diagnosis. Finally, the results pave the way to future efficacy studies in goats using different routes of HI vaccination