Promjene u razini ugljikove anhidraze i histopatologiji škrga i jetre kalifornijske pastrve nakon izlaganja klorpirifosu

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide widely used in agriculture and aquaculture. This study investigated its effects on carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme activity and histopathology of rainbow trout gill and liver. The fish were exposed to 2.25 (25 % of 96 h LC50), 4.5 (50 % of 96 h LC50), and 6.75 μg L-1 (75 % of 96 h LC50) of chlorpyrifos for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. CA activity was measured in liver and gills and histopathological changes were examined by light microscopy. The most common liver changes at most of the chlorpyrifos concentrations were hyperaemia and degenerative changes. Gill tissues were characterised by lamellar hyperaemia, lamellar oedemas, clumping, cellular degeneration, hyperplasia, and lamellar atrophy. CA enzyme activity in the gills decreased at all concentrations at 48, 72, and 96 h after exposure to chlorpyrifos (p<0.05). Similarly, there was a time-dependent decrease in CA activity at all of the concentrations in liver tissues (p<0.05). The present study indicated that chlorpyrifos inhibits CA enzyme activity and causes histopathological damage in gill and liver tissues.Klorpirifos je organofosforni pesticid široke primjene u poljoprivredi i ribarstvu. U ovome radu istražili smo njegov učinak na aktivnost enzima ugljikove anhidraze te histopatologiju škrga i jetre u kalifornijske pastrve. Ribe su bile izložene klorpirifosu u koncentracijama 2,25 μg L-1 (25 % 96-satnog LC50), 4,5 μg L-1 (50 % 96-satnog LC50) i 6,75 μg L-1 (75 % 96-satnog LC50) tijekom 24, 48, 72 i 96 sati. Aktivnost ugljikove anhidraze mjerena je u jetri i škrgama, a histopatološke promjene promatrane su svjetlosnom mikroskopijom. Najčešće promjene u jetri pri većini koncentracija bile su hiperemija i degenerativne promjene. Na tkivu škrga primijećeni su hiperemija i edemi u škržnim listićima, sljepljivanje i degeneracija stanica, hiperplazija te atrofija škržnih listića. Aktivnost ugljikove anhidraze u škrgama smanjila se pri svim koncentracijama nakon 48, 72 i 96 sati izloženosti (p<0.05). Također je uočeno i smanjenje aktivnosti ugljikove anhidraze u jetri ovisno o duljini izloženosti pri svim koncentracijama (p<0.05). Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na to da klorpirifos inhibira aktivnost ugljikove anhidraze i izaziva značajna histopatološka oštećenja u škrgama i jetri

Ocena średniej objętości płytek krwi i szerokości rozkładu objętości płytek krwi u chorych z blaszką miażdżycową tętnicy szyjnej powodującą bezobjawowe zwężenie pośredniego stopnia

Background: Platelets play a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In atherosclerotic plaques, the risk of plaque rupture is more crucial than the severity of the stenosis they cause. Non-calcified carotid artery plaques are more unstable than calcified plaques, and they are associated with a higher risk of rupture, thromboembolism, and consequently, stroke.   Aim: The purpose of the present study is to compare calcified and non-calcified plaques that cause intermediate carotid artery stenosis, with respect to mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW).   Methods: A total of 139 asymptomatic patients with 50–70% stenosis of the carotid artery were included in this study. Carotid Doppler ultrasound imaging and computed tomography angiography were performed to divide the carotid artery plaques into two groups as calcified and non-calcified. Patients included in the calcified (n = 73) and non-calcified (n = 66) plaque groups were compared with respect to MPV and PDW.   Results: Mean platelet volume was statistically significantly higher in the non-calcified plaque group compared to the cal­cified plaque group (MPV in non-calcified/calcified plaque groups [fL]: 10.0/9.0, respectively) (p &lt; 0.01). PDW was not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.09). Platelet count was statistically significantly higher in the calcified plaque group compared to the non-calcified plaque group (platelet count in calcified/non-calcified plaque groups [103/mm3]: 250 ± 63/226 ± 56, respectively) (p = 0.019). Multivariate regression analysis showed that MPV was independently associ­ated with non-calcified carotid artery plaque (odds ratio 5.95, 95% confidence interval 2.63–13.45, p &lt; 0.001).   Conclusions: Mean platelet volume is increased in the presence of non-calcified carotid artery plaques that cause asymp­tomatic intermediate stenosis. Increased MPV can be used as a marker to predict the risk of rupture of the non-calcified carotid artery plaques.   Wstęp: Płytki krwi odgrywają istotną rolę w patogenezie miażdżycy. Ważniejsze znaczenie ma ryzyko pęknięcia blaszki miażdżycowej niż powodowane przez nią zwężenie. Nieuwapnione blaszki miażdżycowe są bardziej niestabilne niż blaszki uwapnione i wiążą się z większym ryzykiem pęknięcia, powikłań zakrzepowo-zatorowych i, w konsekwencji, udaru mózgu.   Cel: Przedstawione badanie przeprowadzono w celu porównania uwapnionych i nieuwapnionych blaszek miażdżycowych powodujących zwężenie tętnic szyjnych pośredniego stopnia w odniesieniu do średniej objętości płytek krwi (MPV) i szerokości rozkładu objętości płytek krwi (PDW).   Metody: Do badania włączono 139 chorych z 50–70-procentowym zwężeniem tętnicy szyjnej bez objawów klinicznych. Wykonano ultrasonografię doplerowską i angiografię metodą tomografii komputerowej w celu podzielenia blaszek na dwie grupy w zależności od uwapnienia. Grupy pacjentów z blaszkami uwapnionymi (n = 73) i nieuwapnionymi (n = 60) porównano pod względem MPV i PDW.   Wyniki: W grupie chorych z nieuwapnionymi blaszkami MPV była statystycznie istotnie większa niż w grupie z blaszkami uwapnionymi (MPV w grupie z blaszkami nieuwapnionymi i w grupie z blaszkami uwapnionymi wynosiła odpowiednio 10,0 fl i 9,0 fl; p &lt; 0,01). Wartości PDW nie różniły się znamiennie między grupami (p = 0,09). Liczba płytek krwi była statystycznie istotnie wyższa w grupie z uwapnionymi blaszkami niż w grupie z blaszkami nieuwapnionymi (liczba płytek krwi w grupie z blasz­kami nieuwapnionymi i w grupie z blaszkami uwapnionymi wynosiła odpowiednio 250 ± 63 103/mm3 i 226 ± 56 103/mm3; p = 0,019). W wieloczynnikowej analizie regresji wykazano, że MPV była niezależnie związana z występowaniem blaszek nieuwapnionych w tętnicy szyjnej (iloraz szans 5,95; 95% przedział ufności 2,63–13,45; p &lt; 0,001).   Wnioski: Stwierdzono zwiększone wartości MPV w przypadku obecności w tętnicy szyjnej nieuwapnionych blaszek miażdżycowych powodujących bezobjawowe zwężenie pośrednie tętnicy szyjnej. Zwiększona MPV może być stosowana jako wskaźnik ryzyka pęknięcia nieuwapnionych blaszek miażdżycowych.  

Evaluation of mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width in patients with asymptomatic intermediate carotid artery plaque

WOS: 000394705500006PubMed ID: 27714714Background: Platelets play a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In atherosclerotic plaques, the risk of plaque rupture is more crucial than the severity of the stenosis they cause. Non-calcified carotid artery plaques are more unstable than calcified plaques, and they are associated with a higher risk of rupture, thromboembolism, and consequently, stroke. Aim: The purpose of the present study is to compare calcified and non-calcified plaques that cause intermediate carotid artery stenosis, with respect to mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW). Methods: A total of 139 asymptomatic patients with 50-70% stenosis of the carotid artery were included in this study. Carotid Doppler ultrasound imaging and computed tomography angiography were performed to divide the carotid artery plaques into two groups as calcified and non-calcified. Patients included in the calcified (n = 73) and non-calcified (n = 66) plaque groups were compared with respect to MPV and PDW. Results: Mean platelet volume was statistically significantly higher in the non-calcified plaque group compared to the calcified plaque group (MPV in non-calcified/calcified plaque groups [fL]: 10.0/9.0, respectively) (p < 0.01). PDW was not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.09). Platelet count was statistically significantly higher in the calcified plaque group compared to the non-calcified plaque group (platelet count in calcified/non-calcified plaque groups [10(3)/mm(3)]: 250 +/- 63/226 +/- 56, respectively) (p = 0.019). Multivariate regression analysis showed that MPV was independently associated with non-calcified carotid artery plaque (odds ratio 5.95, 95% confidence interval 2.63-13.45, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Mean platelet volume is increased in the presence of non-calcified carotid artery plaques that cause asymptomatic intermediate stenosis. Increased MPV can be used as a marker to predict the risk of rupture of the non-calcified carotid artery plaques

The prevalence of microalbuminuria and relevant cardiovascular risk factors in Turkish hypertensive patients.

Objectives: A growing body of data illustrates the importance of microalbuminuria (MAU) as a strong predictor of cardiovascular risk in the hypertensive population. The present study was designed to define the prevalence of MAU and associated cardiovascular risk factors among Turkish hypertensive outpatients. Study design: Representing the Turkish arm of the multinational i-SEARCH study involving 1,750 sites in 26 countries around the world, a total of 1,926 hypertensive patients from different centers were included in this observational and cross-sectional survey study. Patients with reasons for a false-positive MAU test were excluded. The prevalence of MAU was assessed using a dipstick test, and patients were inquired about comorbidities, comedication, and known cardiovascular risk factors. Results: The overall prevalence of MAU was 64.7% and there was no difference between genders. Most of the patients (82.5%) had uncontrolled hypertension, 35.6% had dyslipidemia, and 35.5% had diabetes, predominantly type 2. Almost one-third of the patients (26.4%) had at least one cardiovascular-related comorbidity, with 20.3% having documented coronary artery disease (CAD). Almost all patients (96.8%) had one or more risk factors for cardiovascular disease in addition to hypertension, including family history of myocardial infarction or CAD, diabetes, dyslipidemia, lack of physical exercise, and smoking. A trend towards higher MAU values in the presence of CAD was determined. Conclusion: Microalbuminuria tests should be routinely used as a screening and monitoring tool for the assessment of subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among hypertensive patients. © 2011 Turkish Society of Cardiology