The Power of Racialized Discretion in Policing Migration

Discretionary practices have often been put forward to explain the racially disproportionate patterns we see in policing. The focus on discretion rather than racism neatly shifts attention away from race and instead towards discretionary practices, which are notoriously amorphous and inscrutable. The attention towards discretion (rather than race) further allows race to operate without being explicitly named and, therefore, to operate as an absent present. In this article, I discuss how race and discretion work together when ordinary police officers are tasked with migration control duties to identify foreign national offenders. Drawing on empirical research conducted in England, I propose the concept of racialised discretion and argue that it holds merit because it recognises that certain discretionary practices and decisions are animated because of race, through race and with the effect (intentional or not) of racially disproportionate outcomes. The article argues for the need for racialised discretion to be seen as distinct from other forms of discretion both in policing and the criminal justice process more widely

Evaluating Domestic Violence Initiatives

This paper critiques the approach of identifying ‘best practice’ projects and discusses the problem with simply transferring projects into different contexts. The argument is illustrated by explaining the evaluation process of three domestic violence projects which all had the same aim, which was to reduce domestic violence. The evaluated projects all delivered advocacy programmes and were located in disadvantaged areas in the United Kingdom. A more suitable evaluation approach is proposed whereby practice principles are transferred rather than projects and this is presented in the form of a ‘practice model’

EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF FIXED DOSE COMBINATION OF NON-STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS PRESCRIBED FOR ORTHOPEDIC PATIENTS

Objective: Many Fix Dose Combinations (FDCs) being introduced in India are usually irrational. The most pressing concern with irrational FDCs is that they expose patients to unnecessary risk of adverse drug reactions, for instance, pediatric formulations of nimesulide+paracetamol. Despite their wide clinical use, their gastro-intestinal toxicity is a major limitation. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of FDCs in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the orthopedic department at a tertiary care teaching hospital. To study the effectiveness and safety parameters of fixed-dose combinations of Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Methods: This prospective, observational study was conducted among 150 out-patients of the orthopedic ward over a period of July 2013 to December 2013(Each combination with 50 patients). Three fixed-dose combinations utilized were paracetamol+diclofenac, paracetamol+ibuprofen and paracetamol+nimesulide. The effectiveness was analyzed by using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Disease Activity Scale (DAS) and the safety criteria were analyzed by using the WHO probability scale and Naranjo scale. 150 orthopedic patients attending Out Patient Department were included. 50 participants for each of the combinations of fixed-dose combination (FDCs) of NSAIDs. Results: Out of 150 patients 33 patients developed adverse effects, and 17(51.51%) adverse effects due to the combination of Paracetmol+Nimuselide, 11(33.34%) adverse effects due to the Paracetamol+Ibuprofen and 5 (15.15%) were due to the combination of Paracetamol+Diclofenac. The maximum effectiveness (3.55±0.208) showed in the combination of paracetamol+diclofenac compared to the other two combinations. Conclusion: It was concluded from this study that the effectiveness and safety profile of PCM+DICLO is better than the other two FDCs

Dear British criminology: Where has all the race and racism gone?

In this article we use Emirbayer and Desmond’s institutional reflexivity framework to critically examine the production of racial knowledge in British criminology. Identifying weakness, neglect and marginalization in theorizing race and racism, we focus principally on the disciplinary unconscious element of their three-tier framework, identifying and interrogating aspects of criminology’s ‘obligatory problematics’, ‘habits of thought’ and ‘position-taking’ as well as its institutional structure and social relations that combine to render the discipline ‘institutionally white’. We also consider, briefly, aspects of criminology’s relationship to race, racism and whiteness in the USA. The final part of the article makes the case for British criminology to engage in telling and narrating racisms, urging it to understand the complexities of race in our subject matter, avoid its reduction to class and inequality, and to pay particular attention to reflexivity, history, sociology and language, turning to face race with postcolonial tools and resolve

Seeing Is Believing: How The Layering Of Race Is Obscured By ‘White Epistemologies’ In The Criminal Justice Field

Criminology has been slow in recognizing the central organizing logic of race in (post)colonial societies. It is therefore unsurprising that research practice falls behind that proffered through other disciplinary epistemological critiques. In this paper, we interrogate the tools of whiteness that are obscured in the widely used research method of in-depth interviews. We scrutinize what is not ‘seen’ but which can be made evident in research interactions, using three interview case studies conducted in England. Warren, a white man interviewed by a white man (Author Y), exposes the occlusions and upholding of race and racism in prison settings. Rafan, a British Bangladeshi man interviewed by a British Indian woman (Author X) reveals a socio-cultural backstory in which coloniality is deeply implicated but seems just beyond view, within and outwith the criminal justice system. Finally, the interview of Cairo, a black (British) Jamaican man by a mixed-race black British woman (Author Z), articulates a poignant yet defiant response to structural and cultural racism, which begins long before interaction with the criminal justice system. Laid bare are the limitations of existing research where over-represented white researchers typically conduct research involving under-represented minorities who are vulnerable to exclusion, criminalization, and state violence. Our three case study interviews offer a step beyond traditional qualitative research instruction for students and apprentice researchers. It aims to impart a reflexive pedagogy which intertwines biography with politics in training the next generation of criminal justice researchers

‘People are Trapped in History and History is Trapped Inside Them’: Exploring Britain’s Racialized Colonial Legacies in Criminological Research

In this paper, we advocate identifying the colonizing logics of race in criminological analysis, in recognition of their enduring postcolonial presence in societies like the United Kingdom. Our argument unfolds through the life stories narrated by three men entangled by colonial remnants of power(lessness), subservience, and criminalization. For Cairo (black) and Rafan (Asian), their subalternity is exposed through their vulnerability to racialized stereotypes which have a foundation in colonial histories. Both young minority ethnic men are also situated in a transnational, glocalized frame in which their racialized and gendered identities prescribed the nature of their belonging to a British nation-state irrevocably connected to the Empire. Our reflections on a third narrative interview of Barry reveal the dividends of whiteness, simultaneously occluded, disavowed, and yet wilfully upheld, but in a competitive and exclusive form of belonging. In the articulation and analysis of these stories of crime and order, we mine styles of reasoning from postcolonial theory, sociology, history, and philosophy to embolden a postcolonial criminology