Contribuição para a optimização da data de início de colheita mecânica de azeitona

O equipamento de colheita de azeitona não recolhe frutos que se encontram no chão devido à queda natural, bem como os que permanecem na árvore após a vibração. O olivicultor quererá que qualquer destas fracções seja a menor possível, o que remete a questão para a crucial decisão da data de início da colheita

Influência da vibração ao tronco ou às pernada na capacidade de trabalho e nos custos da colheita mecânica de azeitona

Ensaios de campo realizados em Trás-os-Montes e no Alentejo mostram como a capacidade de trabalho e custos de operação são afectados quando em consequência da geometria e dimensão das oliveiras há necessidade de efectuar a vibração à pernadas, em vez da mais expedita vibração ao tronco. Os resultados obtidos são úteis para uma tomada de decisão, particularmente por parte dos agricultores possuidores de olivais menos adaptados, que tenham como objectivo adoptar a colheita mecânica

Influence of trunk or bough shaking on the performance and costs of mechanical harvesting of olives

Field trials carried out in Portugal showed the penalty to be paid, both in terms of work rate and costs, whenever, due to tree geometry and size, trees had to be bough shaked rather than the normal trunk shaking. If an olive orchard with trees requiring two bough shakings could be adapted to an entirely trunk shaking orchard, simulation shows an increment between 9% and 33% in the work rate at harvesting and a reduction between 4% and 22% in harvesting cost per kilogram of olive, assuming a 4000 trees size orchard. The data collected is regarded to be very useful for decision support, particularly for those farmers owning less adapted olive orchards, aiming to adopt mechanized harvesting

Estudo comparativo do desempenho de três sistemas de colheita mecânica de azeitona

Ao longo de três anos, foi realizado trabalho experimental em olivais com densidades de plantação compreendidas entre 100 e 150 árvores por hectare, utilizando três sistemas de colheita mecânica de azeitona, que permitiram obter resultados de capacidade de trabalho (árvores por hora). Nos três sistemas, para o destaque dos frutos foi usado o mesmo vibrador de troncos. A diferença está na recolha dos frutos derrubados: no sistema (A) foi realizada manualmente; no sistema (B) foi efectuada com um enrolador de panos montado em tractor; no sistema (C) utilizou-se um apara-frutos. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de campo, permitem (1) apontar as limitações de cada um dos sistemas e (2) sendo conhecida a capacidade de trabalho do sistema que recolhe manualmente a azeitona, estimar para os mesmos olivais e condições de trabalho, os valores de capacidade de trabalho dos sistemas que recolhem a azeitona mecanicamente

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of spironolactone and canrenone in plasma samples

In our study, we aimed to validate a method based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to quantify spironolactone (SPI) and its active metabolite canrenone (CAN) simultaneously in plasma samples to support in vivo experiments. Compounds were separated by using a C18 column with the isocratic elution of a mobile phase composed of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in methanol-water (60:40 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL min−1. SPI and CAN were detected in na electrospray interface operating in a positive ionization mode and quantified using the selective ion mode monitoring of mass-charge ratios (m/z) of 439.0 for SPI and 363.1 for CAN. After calculating the matrix effect using theoretical equations, we observed the strong interference of plasma in the equipment-generated signal, which required creating analytical curves using the matrix as a solvent. The method was nevertheless linear (r 2 > 0.999) in a concentration range of 0.4-5.0 μg mL−1, as well as precise, with a coefficient of variation less than 5%. SPI’s and CAN’s recovery rates from the plasma ranged from 87.4% to 112.1%, while their limits of detection (i.e., 0.07 μg mL−1 and 0.03 μg mL−1, respectively) and quantification (i.e., 0.20 μg mL−1 and 0.08 μg mL−1, respectively) in the presence of plasma contaminants were low. Therefore, the bioanalytical method seems to be feasible for quantifying SPI and CAN in plasma

Sub-chronic exposure to paroxetine disrupts ecologically relevant behaviours in fish

The functional conservation of important selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) targets in non-target organisms raises concerns about their potential adverse effects on the ecosystems. Although the environmental levels of SSRIs like paroxetine (PAR) have risen, the knowledge regarding the effects of long-term exposure to PAR is limited. This study investigated the impact of sub-chronic exposure (21 days) to two sub-lethal concentrations of PAR (40 and 400 μg/L) on the behaviour of adult zebrafish in different scenarios: basal activity (under dark and light conditions), stress response (evoked by sudden light transitions) and stress response recovery. A new framework was employed for the integrative study of fish's swimming performance based on their innate ability to respond to light shifts. Several swimming-associated parameters (e.g., total swimming distance, time of inactivity, swimming angles) and thigmotaxis were monitored for an integrated analysis in each scenario. Data revealed reduced swimming activity, impaired behavioural response to stress and alterations in stress recovery of PAR-exposed fish. An anxiolytic effect was particularly noticeable in fish basal swimming activity in the dark at 400 μg/L and in the behavioural response to stress (from dark to light) and stress recovery (from light to dark) for organisms exposed to 40 μg/L. The detected PAR-induced behavioural modifications suggest a disruption of brain glucocorticoid signalling that may have implications at the individual level (e.g., changing behavioural responses to predators), with potential repercussions on the population and community levels. Therefore, the applied protocol proved sensitive in detecting behavioural changes induced by PAR

Farmer’s evaluation of a rolling canvas prototype against his own system for harvesting olives

An olive grower was invited to organise a full day harvesting test based on two rolling canvas prototypes, using his own trunk shaker, tractors and labour. This paper reports the results observed, making also a comparison with the usual harvesting method followed by the farmer, based on a trunk shaker and canvas manually placed under the trees. Results show that the rolling canvas based system has got a slightly higher work rate, and according to the workers, is less demanding in terms of physical effort

Altered glucose homeostasis and hepatic function in obese mice deficient for both kinin receptor genes

The Kallikrein-Kinin System (KKS) has been implicated in several aspects of metabolism, including the regulation of glucose homeostasis and adiposity. Kinins and des-Arg-kinins are the major effectors of this system and promote their effects by binding to two different receptors, the kinin B2 and B1 receptors, respectively. To understand the influence of the KKS on the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), we generated an animal model deficient for both kinin receptor genes and leptin (obB1B2KO). Six-month-old obB1B2KO mice showed increased blood glucose levels. Isolated islets of the transgenic animals were more responsive to glucose stimulation releasing greater amounts of insulin, mainly in 3-month-old mice, which was corroborated by elevated serum C-peptide concentrations. Furthermore, they presented hepatomegaly, pronounced steatosis, and increased levels of circulating transaminases. This mouse also demonstrated exacerbated gluconeogenesis during the pyruvate challenge test. The hepatic abnormalities were accompanied by changes in the gene expression of factors linked to glucose and lipid metabolisms in the liver. Thus, we conclude that kinin receptors are important for modulation of insulin secretion and for the preservation of normal glucose levels and hepatic functions in obese mice, suggesting a protective role of the KKS regarding complications associated with obesity and T2DM