Chromosome number, heterochromatin and genome size support recent polyploid origin of the Epidendrum nocturnum group and reveal a new species (Laeliinae, Orchidaceae)

The Epidendrum nocturnum group comprises about 60 species. Nine species occur in Brazil, predominantly in the Atlantic and Amazon Forests. The group is taxonomically complex because its species are morphologically similar and not easily distinguished. The main objective of this work is to characterize their chromosome evolution and how this has affected species delimitation in Brazilian representatives of the E. nocturnum group. We used chromosome numbers, heterochromatin band patterns and genome size variation to better understand the chromosome variation, species delimitation and relationship among seven representatives of this group. A new species from Cerrado/Amazon rainforest ecotone is described based on cytological and morphological characters. The new species, Epidendrum pareciense, is a diploid (2n = 40), E. bahiense, E. carpophorum, E. micronocturnum, E. purpureocaulis and E. nocturnum are tetraploids (2n = 80), and E. tumuc-humaciense is hexaploid (2n = 120), the last a new ploidy for the group. Heterochromatin in these species is characterized by GC-rich regions (CMAThe accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Ameroglossum intermedium E. M. Almeida, A. M. Wanderley & L. P. Felix 2021, sp. nov.

Ameroglossum intermedium E.M.Almeida, A.M.Wanderley & L.P.Felix sp. nov. urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77216330-1 Figs 2F, 5e–h Diagnosis Ameroglossum intermedium sp. nov. combines characters of both A. manoelfelixii and A. pernambucense. It can be distinguished from A. manoelfelixii by its puberulent branches and leaves (vs glabrousglabrescent leaves), with acicular trichomes recurved at the apex (vs papillose trichomes), and from A. pernambucense by its compound dichasial inflorescence (vs a simple dichasium) and the revolute lower lip (vs involute). Etymology The specific epithet is derived from the Latin adjectives ʻ inter ʼ, ʻbetweenʼ, and ʻ medius ʼ, ʻmiddleʼ, referring to the morphological characteristics of the new species that are intermediate between A. manoelfelixii and A. pernambucense. Material examined Type BRAZIL – Alagoas • Quebrangulo; 09°18′17″ S, 36°31′13″W; 502 m a.s.l.; 23Aug. 2012; E.M.Almeida & A.M. Wanderley 478; holotype: EAN!; isotypes: IMA!, IPA!, K!, RB!. Other material BRAZIL – Alagoas • Quebrangulo, estrada para Bom Retiro; 09°17ʹ56ʺ S, 36°30ʹ33ʺ W; 25 Aug. 2013; L.P. Felix & E.M. Almeida 14,339; EAN[19,860]!. Description Saxicolous chamaephyte up to 150 cm, frequently with secondary branching along the stem. Young branches green to slightly purplish, bifacial, dull, quadrangular or hexangular, often narrowly winged, pubescent, with recurved trichomes; brown cinereous when mature, slightly inclined to decumbent, subquadrangular. Leaves opposite, decussate, occasionally verticillate and then up to three leaves per node; leaf blade 5.1–14.0 × 1.4–3.9 cm, green, lustrous, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, rarely trullate, bullate when young, later smooth; adaxial side glabrous, abaxial side pubescent, with recurved trichomes; apex acute, rarely acuminate, flat to reflexed; margin revolute when young, later flat, ciliate. Inflorescence a compound dichasium, occasionally simple. Peduncle green or tinged purple, subcylindrical, winged, pubescent, with recurved trichomes; primary peduncle 0.7–4.0 × 0.1–0.2 cm, secondary peduncle 0.30– 1.80 × 0.13–0.15 cm, tertiary peduncle 0.30–1.20 × 0.07–0.10 cm. Pedicel 0.6–2.5 × 0.1–0.2 cm, green to slightly purplish, pubescent, with recurved trichomes; ventral side winged up to the proximal third. Bracts 0.20–0.60 × 0.03–0.08 cm, green, abaxial side glabrous, adaxial side glabrescent with papillose trichomes, margin ciliate with recurved trichomes. Calyx green, abaxial side glabrescent, with recurved and/or papillose trichomes, adaxial side covered by papillose trichomes, margin ciliate with recurved trichomes; sepals lanceolate, dorsal one 1.2–1.5 × 0.3–0.5 cm, lateral ones 1.0–1.2 × 0.2 cm, ventral ones 0.8–1.1 × 0.2–0.3 cm. Corolla 4.5–5.6 cm long, orangish, with proximal third yellowish, external side pubescent, trichomes glandular, rarely recurved and/or papillose; tube 3.5–4.4 cm long; upper lip 1.2–1.8 × 0.6–0.8 cm, slightly bilobate; lower lip 1.1–1.4 × 0.35–0.50 cm, inner perianth with white filiform trichomes; lobes revolute, median lobe 0.1 × 0.2 cm. Stamens occasionally with the ventral pair exserted, adnate to the median third of the corolla tube; filaments violet, dorsal ones 1.6–2.6 × 0.8 cm, ventral ones 1.9–2.9 × 0.8 cm; thecae ca 0.2 cm diam.; staminodium 0.3–0.4 cm, adnate to the median third of the corolla tube, glabrous. Ovary 0.4–0.7 × 0.2–0.3 cm; style 3.6–5.6 cm, occasionally exserted. Capsule 1.2–1.6 × 0.6–0.8 cm, greenish. Seeds 0.10 × 0.05 cm. Distribution Only two populations of Ameroglossum intermedium sp. nov. are currently known, both in the municipality of Quebrangulo, Agreste mesoregion of Alagoas State. Elevation ca 500 m. Ecology This species occurs exclusively on granite outcrops. Flowering and fruiting recorded in August and like all other Ameroglossum species it is pollinated by hummingbirds. The surrounding vegetation was probably originally composed of deciduous forest, but this has now been replaced by natural pasture. Population and threats Only two rock outcrops separated by pasture in a single municipality in Alagoas State are known to harbour this species. Approximately 200 adult individuals can be found in the first population, whereas the other comprises approximately 30 individuals. The main threat to these populations are farming and grazing of the site by stray animals. Taxonomic notes Among the species of Ameroglossum with quadrangular stems, A. intermedium sp. nov. stands out by having reproductive and vegetative structures covered in trichomes, a characteristic otherwise typically observed in A. pernambucense. However, A. intermedium sp. nov. differs by having leaves that are principally opposite and decussate, inflorescences of compound dichasia and the revolute lower lip.Published as part of Almeida, Erton M., Christenhusz, Maarten J. M., Wanderley, Artur Maia, Cordeiro, Joel Maciel P., Melo, José Iranildo Miranda De, Batista, Fabiane Rabelo Da Costa & Felix, Leonardo P., 2021, An overview of the Brazilian inselberg genus Ameroglossum (Linderniaceae, Lamiales), with the description of seven new species, pp. 1-25 in European Journal of Taxonomy 746 on pages 16-17, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.746.1313, http://zenodo.org/record/469584

Too many species: morphometrics, molecular phylogenetics and genome structure of a Brazilian species complex in Epidendrum (Laeliinae; Orchidaceae) reveal fewer species than previously thought

In this study, we analyse a species complex in Epidendrum, a mega-diverse Neotropical orchid genus, that is formed by the 11 Brazilian species of the E. difforme group. Although this group (c. 100 taxa) exhibits relatively high levels of floral variation, the Brazilian species are similar, making delimitation problematic. Here we combine molecular (phylogenetics), morphological (geometric morphometrics), genome size and cytogenetic (chromosome counts and CMA/DAPI staining) data to investigate circumscription of these species. Our results were interpreted by looking for congruence of the results as a means to delimit species. The studied taxa appear to be monophyletic, and karyotypically all analysed accessions were 2n = 40. Their 1C values vary from 1.99 ± 07 pg to 2.84 ± 0.12 pg. We did not find evidence for recent polyploidy or dysploidy and, apparently, these phenomena have not been important in the evolution of this species complex. On the other hand, we found high levels of polymorphism for CMA/DAPI banding, and variation in genome size appears to be positively correlated with latitude. Geometric morphometrics indicate that E. sanchezii and E. anatipedium/E. amarajiense are distinct from the remaining species, and three groups of other species can be separated using canonical variables analysis (CVA). Variation in lip shape, genome size and heterochromatin patterns of the taxa are not fully congruent with the phylogenetic analysis, but our results allowed us to delimit with full confidence four species: E. amapense, E. anatipedium (including E. amarajiense), E. pseudodifforme (including E. campaccii and E. thiagoi) and E. sanchezii. Four others will be tentatively maintained but need further study. Our results indicate that it will be necessary to reassess many of the species complexes in the genus using a similar multidisciplinary perspective to evaluate the number of taxa that should be recognized

Ameroglossum xukuruorum E. M. Almeida, Christenh. & L. P. Felix 2021, sp. nov.

Ameroglossum xukuruorum E.M.Almeida, Christenh. & L.P.Felix sp. nov. urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77216331-1 Figs 2I, 5i–k Diagnosis Ameroglossum xukuruorum sp. nov. is similar to A. pernambucense in having verticillate leaves and involute lobes on the lower lip. It differs by its glabrous or glabrescent vegetative portions (vs villose) and usually lanceolate leaf blade with sparsely branched venation (vs elliptic to narrowly elliptic and densely branched venation). Etymology The specific epithet is dedicated to the Amerindian Xukuru people, because the type material was collected with their assistance on tribal lands in the Serra do Ororubá Range. Material examined Type BRAZIL – Pernambuco • Pesqueira, Serra do Ororubá, Reserva Indígena Xukuru de Cimbres; 08°19ʹ15ʺ S, 36°46ʹ12ʺ W; 1122 m a.s.l.; 30 Jun. 2015; L.P. Felix et al. 15647; holotype: EAN!; isotypes: IPA!, K!, RB!, UFP!. Paratypes BRAZIL – Paraíba • São João do Tigre, Serra do Paulo; 08°05ʹ35ʺ S, 36°40ʹ35ʺ W; 1193 m a.s.l.; 16 Jul. 2010; L.P. Felix & L.I.F. Alves 13085; EAN[16,438]! • ibid.; 23 Aug. 2013; L.P. Felix 14318; EAN[19,895]! • ibid.; 3 Aug. 2011; S. Nascimento 105; EAN[18,513]! • Serra do Enjeitado; 4 Aug. 2011; S. Nascimento 168; EAN[18,173]! • Serra do Paulo; 08°05ʹ36ʺ S, 36°38ʹ34ʺ W; 1094 m a.s.l.; 4 Aug. 2011; S. Nascimento 151; EAN[18,555]! – Pernambuco • Pesqueira, Serra do Ororobá; 2 Aug. 1979; D. de Andrade-Lima et al. 79-9,659; IPA[46,742]! • Serra do Gavião; ± 800 m a.s.l.; 19 Jun. 2005; M. Oliveira 1,817; UFP[41,495]! • Jataúba, Sítio Sobrado; 08°04ʹ53ʺ S, 36°34ʹ48ʺ W; 1021 m a.s.l.; 6 Jun. 2016; E.M. Almeida, L.I.F. Alves & J.A.L. Neves 1673; EAN[24,603]!. Description Saxicolous chamaephyte up to 80 cm, occasionally with some secondary branching at the branch tips. Young branches slightly purplish, dull, slightly angular, often narrowly winged, covered by inconspicuous papillose trichomes; mature branches cinereous, slightly inclined to decumbent, cylindrical. Leaves verticillate with usually four leaves per node; leaf blade 2.5–8.2 × 0.5–1.4 cm, green, cinereous, lustrous, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, sometimes elliptic, bullate; adaxial side glabrous; abaxial side glabrous to glabrescent, with trichomes aciculate and/or papillose; apex acute to acuminate, recurved; margin revolute when young, later flat to revolute; glabrous. Inflorescences in simple dichasia, frequently unifloral. Peduncle slightly purplish to green, cylindrical, glabrous; primary peduncle 0.25– 1.10 × 0.05–0.08 cm, secondary 0.2–0.3 × 0.7 cm. Pedicel 0.3–0.5 × 0.1 cm, slightly purplish to green, glabrous; ventral side without wings. Bracts 0.10–0.30 × 0.05 cm, purplish to green, glabrous. Calyx slightly purplish to green, glabrous; sepals lanceolate, dorsal one 0.75–1.10 × 0.10–0.20 cm, lateral ones 0.60–1.00 × 0.15–0.20 cm, ventral ones 0.60–1.00 × 0.10–0.25 cm. Corolla 2.5–3.4 cm, adaxial portion orange-red, ventral portion and proximal third yellow, base wide, glabrous; tube 2–3 cm; upper lip 0.55–0.75 × 0.06–0.10 cm, bilobate; lower lip, inner perianth with trichomes conical, yellowish white; lobes involute, median lobe 0.15 × 0.04 cm. Stamens exserted, adnate at the median third of the corolla tube; filaments white, 1.8–3.5 cm long; thecae ca 0.15 cm diam.; staminodium ca 0.3 cm, adnate at the proximal third of the corolla tube, glabrescent, with short-glandular trichomes, rarely papillose. Ovary 0.40–0.50 × 0.15–0.30 cm; style 2.4–3.3 cm, exserted, glabrous. Capsule 0.9–1.0 × 0.3–0.5 cm, green to slightly purplish. Seeds 0.10 × 0.05 cm. Distribution Ameroglossum xukuruorum sp. nov. has only been collected above 1000 m a.s.l., which corresponds to the highest areas of the Borborema Plateau in the states of Paraíba (São João do Tigre in the Cariri Ocidental microregion) and Pernambuco (Pesqueira in the Vale do Ipojuca microregion). Elevation between (800–)1000 and 1200 m. Ecology Ameroglossum xukuruorum sp. nov. appears to prefer higher elevation habitats. It was encountered flowering and fruiting between April and August and is pollinated by hummingbirds (pers. obs.). Population and threats Ameroglossum xukuruorum sp. nov. is restricted to the municipalities of Jataúba, Pesqueira and São João do Tigre and has been collected in the Xukuru Indigenous Reserve on a rock outcrop covering approximately 50 ha, with a population of more than 100 individual adult plants. Additionally, the Serra do Ororubá Range, where the reserve is located, has a series of granite outcrops that are difficult to access, and it is possible that other populations of A. xukuruorum sp. nov. (or other species of Ameroglossum) are yet to be discovered there. The two known locations in Paraíba State have a total of ca 100 adult individuals. The isolated populations are exposed to burning and trampling by livestock.Published as part of Almeida, Erton M., Christenhusz, Maarten J. M., Wanderley, Artur Maia, Cordeiro, Joel Maciel P., Melo, José Iranildo Miranda De, Batista, Fabiane Rabelo Da Costa & Felix, Leonardo P., 2021, An overview of the Brazilian inselberg genus Ameroglossum (Linderniaceae, Lamiales), with the description of seven new species, pp. 1-25 in European Journal of Taxonomy 746 on pages 20-21, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.746.1313, http://zenodo.org/record/469584

Ameroglossum pernambucense Eb. Fisch., S. Vogel & A. Lopes

Ameroglossum pernambucense Eb.Fisch., S.Vogel & A.Lopes Fig. 2H Feddes Repertorium 110: 529–534 (Fischer et al. 1999). – Type: BRAZIL – Pernambuco • Brejo da Madre de Deus, próximo ao Brejo do Bituri; 8°09ʹ00ʺ S, 36°22ʹ15ʺ W; ca 800 m a.s.l.; 19 Aug. 1998; S. Vogel 1998-46; holotype UFP!; isotype WU. Etymology The specific epithet refers to the state of Pernambuco, where the type material was collected. Material examined BRAZIL – Pernambuco • Brejo da Madre de Deus, Propriedade de Bituri; 15 Sep. 1973; D. de Andrade- Lima 73-7,439; IPA[29,676]! • Brejo da Madre de Deus; 31 Oct. 2005; L.P. Felix 10819; EAN[11,302]! • ibid.; 26 Feb. 2006; L.P. Felix 10989; EAN[12,054]! • ibid.; 9 Sep. 2008; L.P. Felix 12536; EAN[15,385]! • Bitury; 08°11ʹ49ʺ S, 36°24ʹ19ʺ W; 1135 m a.s.l.; 23 Oct. 2008; L.P. Felix 12586-1; EAN[15,778]! • ibid.; 15 Sep. 2010; L.P. Felix & E.M. Almeida 13150; EAN[16,773]! • Fazenda Bitury, Divisa da Malhada com Teixeira; 08°12ʹ01ʺ S, 36°24ʹ13ʺ W; 1005 m a.s.l.; 11 Nov. 2003; J.A. Siqueira-Filho 1403; UFP[39,363]! • São Caetano; 08°21ʹ51ʺ S, 36°03ʹ44ʺ W; 1020 m a.s.l.; 2 Jul. 2015; L.P. Felix et al. 15687; EAN! Description Saxicolous chamaephyte up to 2 m, frequently with secondary branching along the stem. Young branches green to slightly purplish, dull, slightly angular, often narrowly winged, villose, trichomes bifid; cinereous when mature, slightly inclined to decumbent, cylindrical. Leaves verticillate, usually three or four per node, rarely opposite and then only on secondary branches; leaf blade 5.2–7.5 × 1.0– 1.2 cm, green, rarely slightly purplish, dull to lustrous, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, rarely lanceolate, bullate; adaxial side glabrescent, with papillose trichomes; abaxial side villose, with bifidly ramified trichomes; apex acute to acuminate, flat; margin flat to revolute, ciliate. Inflorescence a simple dichasium. Peduncle green to slightly purplish, cylindrical, slightly winged, villose, with trichomes aciculate and bifid; primary peduncle 0.3–1.4 × 0.1 cm, secondary peduncle 0.3–0.5 × 0.1 cm. Pedicel 0.3–0.8 × 0.1 cm, green to slightly purplish, villose, with trichomes aciculate and bifid; ventral side without wings. Bracts 0.15–0.30 × 0.05 cm, green to slightly purplish; abaxial side pubescent, with trichomes aciculate and/or bipinnate, adaxial side glabrescent, with papillose trichomes. Calyx green to slightly purplish, abaxial side pubescent with trichomes aciculate and/or bipinnate, adaxial side densely covered by papillose trichomes, sepals lanceolate, dorsal one 0.50–0.80 × 0.25 cm, lateral ones 0.5–0.8 × 0.2 cm, ventral ones 0.50–0.80 × 0.15 cm. Corolla 2.5–3.5 cm, dorsal and lateral tube orangish with ventral and proximal third yellow, base wide, externally pubescent, with trichomes short, glandular, internally glabrous; tube 2.0– 2.9 cm; upper lip 0.5–0.7 × 0.5–0.6 cm, bilobate; lower lip 0.5–0.6 × 0.4 cm, inner perianth with trichomes conical, yellowish white; lobes involute, median lobe 0.15 × 0.10 cm. Stamens excerted, adnate at the proximal third of the corolla tube; filaments white, dorsal ones 2.8–3.0 × 0.8 cm, ventral ones 2.2–2.6 × 0.8 cm; thecae ca 0.1 cm diam.; staminodium ca 1 cm, adnate at the proximal third of the corolla tube, glabrescent with papillose trichomes. Ovary 0.3–0.5 × 0.2 cm; style up to 3.4–4.0 cm, exserted, glabrous. Capsule 1.1–1.3 × 0.5–0.7 cm, green to slightly purplish. Seeds 0.10 × 0.05 cm. Distribution Ameroglossum pernambucense is restricted to the municipalities of Brejo da Madre de Deus and São Caetano, Agreste mesoregion of Pernambuco State. Elevations between 1000 and 1150 m. Ecology Plants are saxicolous on tall granite rocks. Flowering from March to October, with flowering peak in July, and pollinated by hummingbirds (Wanderley et al. 2014 a, 2020). Population and threats The populations known typically comprise approximately 50 mature plants. Other populations have been observed on rock outcrops nearby. The fragmented subpopulations are often subjected to trampling by cattle and long periods of drought. Taxonomic notes Ameroglossum pernambucense is the type species and differs from the other species proposed here principally in having verticillate, villose leaves (vs opposite leaves); apart from A. xukuruorum sp. nov., which has verticillate, glabrous leaves and the slighty apically trilobed lower lip of the corolla (vs lower lip entire to slightly crenate).Published as part of Almeida, Erton M., Christenhusz, Maarten J. M., Wanderley, Artur Maia, Cordeiro, Joel Maciel P., Melo, José Iranildo Miranda De, Batista, Fabiane Rabelo Da Costa & Felix, Leonardo P., 2021, An overview of the Brazilian inselberg genus Ameroglossum (Linderniaceae, Lamiales), with the description of seven new species, pp. 1-25 in European Journal of Taxonomy 746 on pages 19-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.746.1313, http://zenodo.org/record/469584

Ameroglossum genaroanum E. M. Almeida, J. M. P. Cordeiro & L. P. Felix 2021, sp. nov.

Ameroglossum genaroanum E.M.Almeida, J.M.P.Cordeiro & L.P.Felix sp. nov. urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77216329-1 Figa 2E, 5a–d Diagnosis This species is morphologically similar to A. manoelfelixii in having young leaves with revolute margins, vegetative structures lustrous and violet trichomes on the lower lip of the corolla tube. It differs from that species in its green vegetative portions (vs tinged purple), leaf blade elliptic to ovate (vs elliptic to narrowly elliptic, sometimes trullate) and flowers orangish (vs scarlet). Etymology The specific name is in honour of Prof. Genaro Viana Dornelas, a senior professor at the Universidade Federal da Paraíba, who has a vast knowledge of the flora of Paraíba State. Material examined Type BRAZIL – Paraíba • Tacima, Sítio Pão de Açúcar; 06°35′33″S, 35°27′38″W; 198 m a.s.l.; 28 Jul. 2012; E.M. Almeida, E.M. Almeida & S.L.M. Almeida 397; holotype: EAN!; isotypes: IPA!, K!, RB!, UFP!. Paratypes BRAZIL – Paraíba • Serra da Raiz, Zona Urbana; 06°41ʹ07ʺ S, 35°26ʹ44ʺ W; 341 m a.s.l.; 23 May 2018; L.P. Felix, E.M. Almeida & J.M.P. Cordeiro 17,486; EAN[25,542]!. – Rio Grande do Norte • Santo Antônio, Serra da Micaela; 06°18ʹ03ʺ S, 35°31ʹ49ʺ W; 295 m a.s.l.; 13 Apr. 2010; L.P. Felix 13041; EAN[16,772]! • Distrito de Lages, Serrote das Lajes; 06°20ʹ41ʺ S, 35°27ʹ11ʺ W; 74 m a.s.l.; 17 Aug. 2013; J.L. Costa-Lima 1011; UFP[80,126]! • Estrada para Goianinha; 06°19ʹ15ʺ S, 35°27ʹ09ʺ W; 102 m a.s.l.; 13 Apr. 2010; L.P. Felix 13044; EAN[13,044]! Serra da Micaela; 06°18ʹ03ʺ S, 35°31ʹ49ʺ W; 295 m a.s.l.; 2008; P. A. Porto s.n.; EAN [15972]! • Serrinha; 06°16ʹ42ʺ S, 35°29ʹ58ʺ W; 102 m a.s.l.; 16 Apr. 2003; S. Pitrez et al. 365; EAN[10281]!. Description Saxicolous chamaephyte up to 100 cm tall, frequently with secondary branching near the tips. Young branches green, lustrous, occasionally bicolor with wide longitudinal purplish stripes, quadrangular, sometimes with a narrow wing, glabrous; brown cinereous when mature, slightly inclined, subquadrangular. Leaves opposite decussate; leaf blade 5.8–11.7× 2.2–4.3 cm, green, lustrous, elliptic to ovate, bullate when young, later smooth; adaxial side glabrous; abaxial side glabrescent, principally the younger leaves, with glandular trichomes; apex acute to acuminate, flat to reflexed; margin flat to revolute, ciliate. Inflorescences simple dichasia, sometimes compound. Peduncle green, cylindrical, without wings, glabrescent, with papillose trichomes; primary peduncle 0.8–2.8 × 0.15 cm, secondary peduncle 0.4–1.1 × 0.1 cm, tertiary peduncle 0.40–0.60 × 0.08 cm. Pedicel 0.4–0.9 × 0.1–0.2 cm, green, glabrescent, with papillose trichomes, ventral side without wings. Bracts 0.20–0.70 × 0.05–0.08 cm, green, abaxial side glabrescent, with aciculate trichomes, adaxial side glabrescent, with papillose and aciculate trichomes, margin glabrous. Calyx green, abaxial side glabrescent, with papillose trichomes, adaxial side densely covered by papillose trichomes, margin ciliate with recurved trichomes; sepals lanceolate, dorsal one 1.1–1.8 × 0.3–0.5 cm, lateral ones 0.8–1.4 × 0.2 cm, ventral ones 0.8–1.4 × 0.2–0.4 cm. Corolla 4.5–5.5 cm long, orangish with yellow base, externally pubescent with glandular trichomes, internally glabrous; tube 3.3–4.2 cm long; upper lip 1.4–1.6 × 0.8–0.9 cm, slightly bilobate; lower lip 0.9–1.3 × 0.4–0.5 cm, inner perianth with filiform trichomes, violet; lobes revolute, median lobe 0.12–0.15 × 0.08–0.10 cm. Stamens included, sometimes with ventral pair exserted, adnate to the middle third of the corolla tube; filaments violet, dorsal ones 1.7–2.3 × 0.7 cm, ventral ones 1.7–2.1 × 0.7 cm; thecae ca 0.2 cm diam.; staminodium 0.3–0.5 cm long, adnate near the proximal third of the corolla tube, glabrescent with short, glandular trichomes. Ovary 0.6–0.8 × 0.2–0.3 cm; style 3.3–4.6 cm long, exserted. Capsule 1.2–1.5 × 0.6–0.8 cm, green. Seeds 0.10 × 0.05 cm. Distribution This taxon has a more northerly distribution than the other species of Ameroglossum and occurs the lowest for this genus. It occurs on rock outcrops in the Agreste Paraibano mesoregion, in Paraíba State (two populations), and in the Agreste Potiguar mesoregion in Rio Grande do Norte State (four populations), Brazil. Elevation between 70 and 300 m. Ecology Ameroglossum genaroanum sp. nov. occurs on rock outcrops. Flowering and fruiting between April and June. Population and threats Ameroglossum genaroanum sp. nov. is represented only by small isolated populations with up to 60 individuals distributed in small geographical areas susceptible to various anthropic impacts.Published as part of Almeida, Erton M., Christenhusz, Maarten J. M., Wanderley, Artur Maia, Cordeiro, Joel Maciel P., Melo, José Iranildo Miranda De, Batista, Fabiane Rabelo Da Costa & Felix, Leonardo P., 2021, An overview of the Brazilian inselberg genus Ameroglossum (Linderniaceae, Lamiales), with the description of seven new species, pp. 1-25 in European Journal of Taxonomy 746 on pages 14-16, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.746.1313, http://zenodo.org/record/469584

Ameroglossum fulniorum E. M. Almeida, A. M. Wanderley & L. P. Felix 2021, sp. nov.

Ameroglossum fulniorum E.M.Almeida, A.M.Wanderley & L.P.Felix sp. nov. urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77216328-1 Figs 2D, 4d–g Diagnosis This species is similar to A. manoelfelixii in having lustrous, purple-tinged vegetative parts and scarlet flowers, but it differs in having inflorescences in simple dichasia (vs compound dichasia), peduncle winged (vs peduncle not winged) and white trichomes on the lower lip of the corolla (vs trichomes violet). It differs from the other species of Ameroglossum by the deep vinaceous colour of its vegetative parts. Etymology The specific epithet is dedicated to the Fulni-ô Amerindians whose territories are located in the Serra do Comunaty where the type material was collected. Members of the Fulni-ô ethnic group have conserved many of their traditional cultural values, being one of the few indigenous groups in north-eastern Brazil that have conserved their original language, Yaathe or Ia-tê, from the Macro-Jê linguistic branch. Material examined Type BRAZIL – Pernambuco • Águas Belas, Quilombo; 09°04ʹ11ʺ S, 37°00ʹ43ʺ W; 903 m a.s.l.; 21 Aug. 2012; E.M. Almeida & A.M. Wanderley 439; holotype: EAN!; isotype K!. Description Saxicolous chamaephyte up to 80 cm, occasionally with secondary branching along the stem. Young branches purplish, lustrous, quadrangular, not winged, glabrescent, trichomes aciculate; brownish when mature, slightly inclined to incumbent, subquadrangular. Leaves opposite, decussate; leaf blade 6.0– 14.5 × 1.2–3.9 cm, purplish when young, later greenish, lustrous, narrowly elliptic to elliptic, rarely narrowly trullate, slightly bullate; adaxial side glabrous; abaxial side glabrescent with papillose trichomes, principally the youngest leaves, rarely with recurved trichomes; apex sharply acuminate, flat to reflexed; margin flat to revolute, ciliate. Inflorescences in simple dichasia. Peduncle purplish, subcylindrical, winged, glabrescent, with papillose trichomes; primary peduncle 0.70–1.80 × 0.10–0.14 cm, secondary peduncle 0.3–0.8 × 0.1 cm. Pedicel 0.50–1.20 × 0.10–0.15 cm, purplish, glabrescent, with papillose trichomes, ventral side without wings. Bracts 0.10–0.30 × 0.05–0.08 cm, purplish, glabrescent, with papillose trichomes, margin glabrous. Calyx purplish, abaxial side glabrescent, with trichomes recurved and papillose, adaxial side densely covered by papillose trichomes, margin glabrous; sepals lanceolate, dorsal sepal 1.2–1.7 × 0.3 cm, lateral ones 1.0–1.3 × 0.2 cm, ventral ones 1.0–1.2 × 0.2–0.3 cm. Corolla 5.0– 5.6 cm long, scarlet, externally glabrescent, with trichomes glandular and papillose, internally glabrous; tube 4.0– 4.2 cm long; upper lip 1.3–1.8 × 0.9–1.1 cm; lower lip 1.3–1.5 × 0.4–0.5 cm, inner perianth with trichomes filiform, white; lobes revolute, median lobe 0.2–0.3 × 0.1 cm. Stamens included, adnate to the median third of the corolla tube; filaments violet, dorsal ones 2.00–2.70 × 0.08 cm, ventral ones 2.20–2.60 × 0.08 cm; thecae 0.15 cm diam.; staminodium 0.2–0.5 cm, adnate to the proximal third of the corolla tube, glabrous. Ovary 0.60–0.80 × 0.24–0.30 cm; style 4.2–5.1 cm, occasionally exserted, glabrous. Capsule 1.5–2.1 × 0.7–1.0 cm, purplish. Seeds 0.10 × 0.04 cm. Distribution Only two populations of A. fulniorum sp. nov. are known growing near Águas Belas, Serra do Comunaty, in the Agreste mesoregion of Pernambuco State, Brazil. Elevation ca 900 m. Ecology Like other species of Ameroglossum, the occurrence of A. fulniorum sp. nov. is restricted to granite outcrops. Flowering and fruiting in August. Population and threats Only two populations of A. fulniorum sp. nov. are currently known, which together comprise approximately 40 widely spaced adult individuals. Due to the isolation of those populations and their restricted distributions, together with environmental pressure from trampling by domestic animals and the occasional passage of wildfires, this species is highly threatened.Published as part of Almeida, Erton M., Christenhusz, Maarten J. M., Wanderley, Artur Maia, Cordeiro, Joel Maciel P., Melo, José Iranildo Miranda De, Batista, Fabiane Rabelo Da Costa & Felix, Leonardo P., 2021, An overview of the Brazilian inselberg genus Ameroglossum (Linderniaceae, Lamiales), with the description of seven new species, pp. 1-25 in European Journal of Taxonomy 746 on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.746.1313, http://zenodo.org/record/469584

Ameroglossum manoelfelixii L. P. Felix & E. M. Almeida

<i>Ameroglossum manoelfelixii</i> L.P.Felix & E.M.Almeida <p>Fig. 2G</p> <p> <i>Systematic Botany</i> 41: 423–429. (Almeida <i>et al.</i> 2016). – <b>Type</b>: BRAZIL <b>– Paraíba</b> • Esperança, Distrito de Lagoa de Pedra, Fazenda Timbaúba; 35°52ʹ50.3ʺ W, 7°01ʹ0.8ʺ S; 699 m a.s.l.; 30 Aug. 2013; <i>E.M. Almeida & H.C.M. Oliveira 785</i>; holotype: EAN!.</p> Etymology <p>The specific epithet was given in honor of Prof. Manoel Felix da Silva, of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba, an enthusiastic botanist.</p> Material examined <p> <b>Paratypes</b></p> <p> BRAZIL <b>– Paraíba</b> • Remígio, Agreste dos Coelhos; 20 Sep. 1959; <i>J.C. Morais s.n.</i>; EAN! • Pedra do Caboclo; 19 Jun. 1977; <i>P.C. Fevereiro & V.P.B. Fevereiro 28</i>; EAN! • Remígio, Agreste dos Coelhos; 5 Aug. 1988; <i>L.P. Felix & L.T. Silva 1392</i>; EAN! • Esperança, Lagoa de Pedra; 23 Jul. 1991; <i>L.P. Felix 4040</i>; EAN! • Fazenda Timbaúba; 7°00ʹ S, 35°53ʹ W; 20 Aug. 2009; <i>A.M. Wanderley & L.P. Felix s.n.</i>; UFP! • Areia, Assentamento Rural Emanuel Joaquim; 19 Jul. 2012; <i>E.M. Almeida 385</i>; EAN! • Puxinanã; 21 Jul. 2012; <i>E.M. Almeida & W.C. Silva 392</i>; EAN! • Bananeiras; Fazenda Jatobá; 35°36ʹ02ʺ W, 6°45ʹ20ʺ S; 509 m a.s.l.; 29 Jul. 2012; <i>E.M. Almeida 412</i>; EAN!</p> Description <p>Saxicolous chamaephyte up to 3 m, occasionally with secondary branching along the stem. Young branches purplish, lustrous, quadrangular, winged, glabrous; when mature brownish, slightly inclined, subquadrangular. Leaves opposite, decussate (rarely ternate); leaf blade 4.0–15.0 × 3.3–4.8 cm, purplish when young, later greenish, lustrous, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, sometimes trullate, slightly bullate; younger leaves densely covered by papillose trichomes, later glabrous; apex acuminate to acute, often cirrhose; margin revolute when young, later flat, ciliate. Inflorescence a compound dichasium. Peduncle purplish, cylindrical, without wings, glabrous; primary peduncle 0.8–2.5 × 0.15 cm, secondary peduncle 0.5–1.1 × 0.1 cm, tertiary peduncle 0.5–0.7 × 0.1 cm. Pedicel 0.8–1.0 × 0.1 cm, purplish, glabrous, ventral side without wings. Bracts 0.3–0.7 × 0.8 cm, purplish, glabrous. Calyx purplish, abaxial side glabrescent with papillose trichomes, abaxial side densely covered by papillose trichomes, sepals lanceolate, dorsal one 1.5–1.8 × 0.3–0.5 cm, lateral ones 1.1–1.3 × 0.2–0.3 cm, ventral ones 0.8–1.1 × 0.2–0.4 cm. Corolla 5.0– 5.7 cm long, scarlet, externally glabrous to densely covered by papillose trichomes, internally glabrescent with papillose trichomes; tube 3.5–4.0 cm, upper lip 1.5–1.7 × 0.8– 0.9 cm, slightly bilobate; lower lip 0.9–1.3 × 0.4–0.5 cm, yellow, rarely with scarlet margins, inner perianth with trichomes filiform, violet; lobes revolute; median lobe ca 0.15 × 0.10 cm. Stamens with ventral pair exserted and dorsal pair enclosed, adnate to the median third of the corolla tube; filaments 1.8–3.5 cm, violet; thecae 0.2 cm diam.; staminodium 0.30 × 0.02 cm, adnate at the median third of the corolla tube, glabrous. Ovary 0.7–1.0 × 0.2–0.4 cm; style 4.0– 5.5 cm, slightly exserted. Capsule 1.4–1.3 × 0.5–0.6 cm, purplish. Seeds 0.10 × 0.05 cm.</p> Distribution <p> <i>Ameroglossum manoelfelixii</i> occurs exclusively on granite outcrops in Paraíba State, restricted to the Agreste da Borborema, Curimataú and Brejo microregions. Elevation between 500 and 700 m.</p> Ecology <p> This species is pollinated by hummingbirds (Wanderley <i>et al.</i> 2020). It has been collected with flowers and fruits between March and August.</p> Population and threats <p>This species has a fragmented distribution and its populations are under intense anthropogenic pressure. Many rock outcrops where the species occurs have been quarried for cobblestones, and many populations are on farms where the vegetation is trampled and grazed by livestock. Fires are also often set to these vegetation islands for no clear purpose.</p>Published as part of <i>Almeida, Erton M., Christenhusz, Maarten J. M., Wanderley, Artur Maia, Cordeiro, Joel Maciel P., Melo, José Iranildo Miranda De, Batista, Fabiane Rabelo Da Costa & Felix, Leonardo P., 2021, An overview of the Brazilian inselberg genus Ameroglossum (Linderniaceae, Lamiales), with the description of seven new species, pp. 1-25 in European Journal of Taxonomy 746</i> on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.746.1313, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4695849">http://zenodo.org/record/4695849</a&gt

Ameroglossum alatum E. M. Almeida, A. M. Wanderley & L. P. Felix 2021, sp. nov.

Ameroglossum alatum E.M.Almeida, A.M.Wanderley & L.P.Felix sp. nov. urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77216325-1 Figs 2A, 3a–e Diagnosis A species morphologically similar to A. manoelfelixii because it has glabrous to glabrescent, lustrous vegetative parts and inflorescences. However, A. alatum sp. nov. differs from this and other species of Ameroglossum, by having conspicuous membranous wings on the stem extending to the peduncle of the inflorescence and the pedicel (vs not or sparsely winged). Because of its green stems and leaves, A. alatum sp. nov. may also appear similar to A. bicolor sp. nov., although it differs by having its inflorescence in a simple dichasium (vs compound dichasium), winged peduncles and pedicels (vs partially winged) and the sepals not overlapping (vs sepals overlapping). Etymology The name is derived from the Latin adjective ʻ alatus ʼ, ʻwingedʼ, referring to the conspicuous wings on the branches, peduncles and pedicels. Material examined Type BRAZIL – Alagoas • Maravilha; 09°14ʹ39ʺ S, 37°19ʹ33ʺ W; 792 m a.s.l.; 21 Aug. 2012; E.M. Almeida & A.M. Wanderley 461; holotype: EAN!; isotype: K!. Description Saxicolous chamaephyte up to 80 cm, with secondary branching in the medial portion. Young branches greenish to slightly purplish, lustrous, quadrangular, conspicuously winged, glabrous; brownish when mature, slightly inclined, subquadrangular. Leaves opposite, decussate; leaf blade 3.5–6.0 × 1.5–2.5 cm, green with purplish margins, lustrous, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, slightly bullate; adaxial side glabrous; abaxial side with venation occasionally purplish, glabrescent with papillose trichomes, rarely aciculate; apex acute, rarely slightly caudate, reflexed; margin flat, occasionally revolute, ciliate. Inflorescence a simple dichasium. Peduncle purplish, frequently bifacial, subcylindrical, conspicuously winged, glabrescent, with papillose trichomes; primary peduncle 0.60–1.70 × 0.10–0.12 cm, secondary peduncle 0.20–0.80 × 0.06–0.07 cm. Pedicel 0.60–1.40 × 0.09–0.13 cm, greenish, frequently bifacial, glabrescent, with papillose trichomes; dorsal side conspicuously winged, ventral side with base slightly winged. Bracts 0.25–0.40 × 0.06 cm, slightly purplish, glabrescent, with papillose trichomes, margin glabrous. Calyx greenish, occasionally with reddish apex, abaxial side glabrous, adaxial side densely covered by papillose trichomes, margin glabrous; sepals lanceolate, dorsal ones 1.10–1.20 × 0.30–0.35 cm; lateral ones ca 1.0 × 0.2 cm; ventral ones ca 1.0 × 0.3 cm. Corolla 4.0– 4.5 cm long, orangish, externally pubescent, with papillose trichomes and/or glandular, internally glabrous; tube 2.8–3.3 cm long; upper lip 1.2–1.3 × 0.6 cm, slightly bilobate; lower lip 1.0–1.2 × 0.5 cm, inner perianth with filiform trichomes, white, lobes revolute, median lobe ca 0.10 × 0.13 cm. Stamens included, adnate to the middle of the corolla tube; filaments violet, ca 2.0 cm long; capsule ca 0.1 cm diam.; staminodium ca 0.6 cm long, adnate to the middle of the corolla tube, glabrous. Ovary 0.6–0.7 × 0.3 cm; style ca 4.6 cm long, exserted, glabrous. Capsule 1.5–1.7 × 0.7–0.9 cm, green. Seeds 0.10 × 0.05 cm. Distribution Currently known only from a single population on a granite outcrop near the city of Maravilha, in the Sertão Alagoano mesoregion, Alagoas State, Brazil. Elevation ca 790 m. Ecology As for the other taxa of Ameroglossum, A. alatum sp. nov. is restricted to granite outcrops, where it is probably pollinated by hummingbirds. Flowering and fruiting were recorded in August. Population and threats The population is composed of approximately 20 adult individuals, restricted to an area of approximately 3000 m ² on one of the tops of this granite outcrop. The small population demonstrates elevated homozygosity, suggesting a low genetic diversity, probably caused by a founder and/or a genetic bottleneck effect (Wanderley et al. 2018).Published as part of Almeida, Erton M., Christenhusz, Maarten J. M., Wanderley, Artur Maia, Cordeiro, Joel Maciel P., Melo, José Iranildo Miranda De, Batista, Fabiane Rabelo Da Costa & Felix, Leonardo P., 2021, An overview of the Brazilian inselberg genus Ameroglossum (Linderniaceae, Lamiales), with the description of seven new species, pp. 1-25 in European Journal of Taxonomy 746 on pages 6-7, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.746.1313, http://zenodo.org/record/469584