Advances in exosome therapies in ophthalmology–From bench to clinical trial

During the last decade, the fields of advanced and personalized therapeutics have been constantly evolving, utilizing novel techniques such as gene editing and RNA therapeutic approaches. However, the method of delivery and tissue specificity remain the main hurdles of these approaches. Exosomes are natural carriers of functional small RNAs and proteins, representing an area of increasing interest in the field of drug delivery. It has been demonstrated that the exosome cargo, especially miRNAs, is at least partially responsible for the therapeutic effects of exosomes. Exosomes deliver their luminal content to the recipient cells and can be used as vesicles for the therapeutic delivery of RNAs and proteins. Synthetic therapeutic drugs can also be encapsulated into exosomes as they have a hydrophilic core, which makes them suitable to carry water-soluble drugs. In addition, engineered exosomes can display a variety of surface molecules, such as peptides, to target specific cells in tissues. The exosome properties present an added advantage to the targeted delivery of therapeutics, leading to increased efficacy and minimizing the adverse side effects. Furthermore, exosomes are natural nanoparticles found in all cell types and as a result, they do not elicit an immune response when administered. Exosomes have also demonstrated decreased long-term accumulation in tissues and organs and thus carry a low risk of systemic toxicity. This review aims to discuss all the advances in exosome therapies in ophthalmology and to give insight into the challenges that would need to be overcome before exosome therapies can be translated into clinical practice

Triangular functions method for the solution of Fredholm integral equations system

A numerical method based on orthogonal triangular functions (TFs) is proposed to approximate the solution of Fredholm integral equations systems. The powerful properties of orthogonal triangular functions are utilized in a direct method to reduce a system of Fredholm integral equations to a system of mere algebraic equations. The proposed method does not need any integration for obtaining the constant coefficients hence, it can be applied in a simple and fast technique. Convergence analysis and associated theorems are considered. Some numerical examples illustrate the accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed method

Numerical Solution of Volterra Integral Equations of First Kind by Using a Recursive Scheme

First kind integral equations can be solved numerically with several methods. In this paper we describe a recursive method for solving Volterra integral equation that don’t need to solve system of algebraic equation. This method offers several advantages in reducing computational burden. Finally by comparison of numerical results, simplicity and efficiency of this method will be show