Manejo orgânico de pastagens com uso de termopotássio e termofosfato na região do Cerrado

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of the thermopotassium and thermophosphate agrominerals, as sources of P and K, in an organic pasture consortium of 'Marandu' Urochloa brizantha + Stylosanthes spp. in the Brazilian Cerrado. The organic management was compared with conventional farming using chemical fertilizers, during three years, in two adjacent experiments, one with and the other without previous growth of green manure (Crotalaria juncea). The management treatments were: conventional, with the application of 200 kg ha-1 potassium chloride, 260 kg ha-1 triple superphosphate, and 217 kg ha-1 urea; organic, with the application of 1.0 Mg ha-1 thermophosphate, 2.0 Mg ha-1 termopotassium, and 7.0 Mg ha-1 chicken manure; and control, without fertilizers. Soil fertility, dry mass production, and legume content in the pasture were evaluated. The experiment with green manure resulted in a significant increase in the soil-extractable contents of P and K and in pasture productivity. In the organic treatment, due to the slow release of agromineral nutrients, long-term effects are observed on the soil-extractable contents of P and K.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho dos agrominerais termopotássio e termofosfato, como fontes de P e K, em consórcio de pastagem orgânica de Urochloa brizantha 'Marandu' + Stylosanthes spp. no Cerrado brasileiro. O manejo orgânico foi comparado ao convencional com uso de fertilizantes químicos, durante três anos, em dois experimentos adjacentes, um com e outro sem cultivo prévio de adubo verde (Crotalaria juncea). Os tratamentos de manejo foram: convencional, com aplicação de 200 kg ha-1 de cloreto de potássio, 260 kg ha-1 de superfosfato triplo e 217 kg ha-1 de ureia; orgânico, com aplicação de 1,0 Mg ha-1 termopotássio, 2,0 Mg ha-1 termofosfato e 7,0 Mg ha-1 cama de frango; e controle, sem adubação. Foram avaliadas fertilidade do solo, produção de matéria seca e contribuição da leguminosa na pastagem. O experimento com adubação verde proporcionou aumento significativo nos teores de P e K extraíveis do solo e na produtividade da pastagem. No tratamento orgânico, devido à liberação lenta dos nutrientes dos agrominerais, são observados efeitos de longo prazo nos teores extraíveis de P e K do solo

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Histoplasma capsulatum Yeast and Mycelium Reveals Differential Metabolic Shifts and Cell Wall Remodeling Processes in the Different Morphotypes

Histoplasma capsulatum is a thermally dimorphic fungus distributed worldwide, but with the highest incidence in the Americas within specific geographic areas, such as the Mississippi River Valley and regions in Latin America. This fungus is the etiologic agent of histoplasmosis, an important life-threatening systemic mycosis. Dimorphism is an important feature for fungal survival in different environments and is related to the virulence of H. capsulatum, and essential to the establishment of infection. Proteomic profiles have made important contributions to the knowledge of metabolism and pathogenicity in several biological models. However, H. capsulatum proteome studies have been underexplored. In the present study, we report the first proteomic comparison between the mycelium and the yeast cells of H. capsulatum. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to evaluate the proteomic profile of the two phases of H. capsulatum growth, mycelium, and yeast. In summary, 214 and 225 proteins were only detected/or preferentially abundant in mycelium or yeast cells, respectively. In mycelium, enzymes related to the glycolytic pathway and to the alcoholic fermentation occurred in greater abundance, suggesting a higher use of anaerobic pathways for energy production. In yeast cells, proteins related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and response to temperature stress were in high abundance. Proteins related to oxidative stress response or involved with cell wall metabolism were identified with differential abundance in both conditions. Proteomic data validation was performed by enzymatic activity determination, Western blot assays, or immunofluorescence microscopy. These experiments corroborated, directly or indirectly, the abundance of isocitrate lyase, 2-methylcitrate synthase, catalase B, and mannosyl-oligosaccharide-1,2-alpha-mannosidase in the mycelium and heat shock protein (HSP) 30, HSP60, glucosamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase, glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase, and N-acetylglucosamine-phosphate mutase in yeast cells. The proteomic profile-associated functional classification analyses of proteins provided new and interesting information regarding the differences in metabolism between the two distinct growth forms of H. capsulatum

Biological Function and Molecular Mapping of M Antigen in Yeast Phase of Histoplasma capsulatum

Histoplasmosis, due to the intracellular fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, can be diagnosed by demonstrating the presence of antibodies specific to the immunodominant M antigen. However, the role of this protein in the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis has not been elucidated. We sought to structurally and immunologically characterize the protein, determine yeast cell surface expression, and confirm catalase activity. A 3D-rendering of the M antigen by homology modeling revealed that the structures and domains closely resemble characterized fungal catalases. We generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the protein and determined that the M antigen is present on the yeast cell surface and in cell wall/cell membrane preparations. Similarly, we found that the majority of catalase activity was in extracts containing fungal surface antigens and that the M antigen is not significantly secreted by live yeast cells. The mAbs also identified unique epitopes on the M antigen. The localization of the M antigen to the cell surface of H. capsulatum yeast and the characterization of the protein's major epitopes have important implications since it demonstrates that although the protein may participate in protecting the fungus against oxidative stress it is also accessible to host immune cells and antibody

Histoplasma capsulatum Heat-Shock 60 Orchestrates the Adaptation of the Fungus to Temperature Stress

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are among the most widely distributed and evolutionary conserved proteins. Hsps are essential regulators of diverse constitutive metabolic processes and are markedly upregulated during stress. A 62 kDa Hsp (Hsp60) of Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) is an immunodominant antigen and the major surface ligand to CR3 receptors on macrophages. However little is known about the function of this protein within the fungus. We characterized Hc Hsp60-protein interactions under different temperature to gain insights of its additional functions oncell wall dynamism, heat stress and pathogenesis. We conducted co-immunoprecipitations with antibodies to Hc Hsp60 using cytoplasmic and cell wall extracts. Interacting proteins were identified by shotgun proteomics. For the cell wall, 84 common interactions were identified among the 3 growth conditions, including proteins involved in heat-shock response, sugar and amino acid/protein metabolism and cell signaling. Unique interactions were found at each temperature [30°C (81 proteins), 37°C (14) and 37/40°C (47)]. There were fewer unique interactions in cytoplasm [30°C (6), 37°C (25) and 37/40°C (39)] and four common interactions, including additional Hsps and other known virulence factors. These results show the complexity of Hsp60 function and provide insights into Hc biology, which may lead to new avenues for the management of histoplasmosis

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Proteína M recombinante do Histoplasma capsulatum: Mapeamento de epítopos e aplicação no diagnóstico da histoplasmose

Submitted by Anderson Silva ([email protected]) on 2012-10-15T13:16:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 allan_j_guimaraes_ioc_bcm_0029_2006.pdf: 1714817 bytes, checksum: d2edc214a8508b65add7f8db0b664ce0 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-15T13:16:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 allan_j_guimaraes_ioc_bcm_0029_2006.pdf: 1714817 bytes, checksum: d2edc214a8508b65add7f8db0b664ce0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilA histoplasmose é causada pelo fungo dimórfico Histoplasma capsulatum. A infecção por este organismo é freqüentemente diagnosticada pela determinação da presence de anticorpos para a proteína M, imunodominante, mas o papel deste antígeno na patogênese da histoplasmose permanence obscuro. A função do antígeno M não é conhecida, mas geneticamente esta proteína é homologa catalases fúngicas. Em nosso estudo, nós procuramos determinar regiões imunodominantes do antígeno M, produzir um painel de anticorpos monoclonais contra esta proteína, caracterizá-los, usá-los para o mapeamento de epítopos, mostrar a localização do antígeno M na levedura do H. capsulatum, demonstrar a atividade de catalase desta proteína e desenvolver imunoensaios para a detecção de anticorpos contra esta proteína e entígeno M circulante nos fluidos corporais. Foi possível determinar peptídeos com maior atividade antigênica e suas localizações na molécula e caracterizá-los de acordo com as suas propriedades bioquímicas. Nós geramos três fragmentos que continham estes peptídeos e os utilizamos para avaliar a ligação dos anticorpos monoclonais e reconhecimento a cada fragmento separadamente. Um dos fragmentos, F3, mostrou maior ligação aos anticorpos monoclonais que os outros avaliados, entretanto estudos adicionais devem ser avaliados para um complete mapeamento. Para avaliar o papel do antígeno M na patogênese da histoplasmose, usando análise por imunoblot de um extrato de parede celular e membrana (CW/M) obtido de levedura, provamos que os mAbs gerados contra o antígeno M recombinante puderam reconhecer este antígeno no extrato utilizado. Estudos de imunofluorescencia também revelaram que os mAbs reconheciam proteínas na superfície da levedura. Adicionalmente, avaliamos a atividade de catalase usando diferentes frações celulares para sugerir a localização da enzima e confirmamos que a maior atividade de catalase estava presente nos extratos incluindo antígenos de superfície. A capacidade do antígeno M em funcionar como catalase sugere que esta enzima está provavelmente envolvida na proteção pelas leveduras contra o stress oxidativo na interior do fagolisossomo e escape dos mecanismos fungicidas nos macrófagos. A localização do antígeno M na superfície do Hc tem importantes implicações na antigenicidade da proteína já que está acessível ao sistema imunológico do hospedeiro e interações com os anticorpos. Adicionalmente, a ELISA para a detecção de anticorpos utilizando histoplasmina purificada e tratada (ptHMIN) mostrou uma sensibilidade de 92% e uma especificidade de 96%, enquanto a ELISA para a detecção de antígenos mostrou uma sensibilidade de 80% e uma especificidade de 91%, provando que estas duas metodologias poderiam ser utilizadas no diagnóstico da histoplasmose.Histoplasmosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Infection with this organism is often diagnosed by determining the presence of antibody to the immunodominant M antigen, but the role of the M antigen in the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis has previously not been elucidated. The function of the M protein is not known, but genetically it is homologous to fungal catalases. In our work, we sought to determine immunodominant regions of the M antigen, create a monoclonal antibodies panel, characterize them, use them for epitope mapping, show that the M antigen was located on the cell surface of H. capsulatum yeasts, demonstrate the catalase activity of the protein and developed an immunoassay to detect antibodies against this protein and another one to detect the circulating M antigen in body fluids. We could determine the peptides that have the most antigenic activity and their localization on the molecule, and characterize according to biochemical properties. We generated three fragments containing these peptides and used to evaluate the monoclonal antibodies binding and recognition to each fragment. We could see that one fragment, the F3, showed more binding to the mAbs than the other two, but additional studies have to be done to complete the epitope mapping. To evaluate the role of the M antigen on the pathognesis of histoplasmosis, using Western blot analysis of a detergent extract of cell walls and cell membranes (CW/M) from yeast cells, we found that mAbs generated to recombinant M antigen reacted with the CW/M preparations. Immunofluorescence studies also revealed that the mAbs to the M antigen labeled the yeast cell surface. Also, we assayed the catalase activity using different cell extract fractions for the localization of the enzyme and confirmed that the major activity was present in extracts including fungal surface antigens. The ability of the M antigen to function as a catalase suggests that this enzyme is probably involved in protecting the yeast cells against the oxidative stress within the phagolisossome and escaping of the fungicidal mechanisms in the macrophages. Localization of the M antigen to the cell surface of Hc has important implications for the antigenicity of the protein since it demonstrates that it is accessible to host immune cells and for antibody interactions. Also, the ELISA for antibody detection using purified and treated histoplasmin (ptHMIN) showed a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 96%, while the ELISA for antigen detection showed a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 91%, proving that these two methodologies could be used in the diagnosis of histoplasmosis