Comparative antibacterial effects of essential oils of Melissa officinalis and Deracocephalum moldavica L. against some pathogenic bacteria in food in vitro

زمینه و هدف: استفاده از نگهدارنده‌های شیمیایی و مضرات آنها، سبب شده که تولید کنندگان مواد غذایی اخیرا گرایش به استفاده از نگهدارنده‌های طبیعی در مواد غذایی پیدا کنند. اسانس‌های گیاهی که همان روغن‌های فرار (volatile oils) می باشند، روغن‌های مایع و معطر گیاهان اند. گیاهان معطر حاوی اسانس هایی با خواص ضد میکروبی هستند. در این مطالعه اثرات ضدباکتریایی اسانس‌های بادرنجبویه (Melissa officinalis) و بادرشبو (Dracocephalum moldavica) علیه 4 باکتری بیماریزای مواد غذایی در شرایط آزمایشگاهی بررسی شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی پس از تهیه باکتری های مورد بررسی، با روش انتشار بر روی دیسک قطر هاله ممانعت از رشد و با روش میکرودایلوشن حداقل غلظت ممانعت از رشد و حداقل غلظت کشندگی برای هر دو اسانس بادرنجبویه و بادرشبو تعیین شد و جهت مقایسه نتایج از نرم افزار SPSS با آزمون T test استفاده گردید و سطح اختلاف معنی دار کمتر از 0/05 انتخاب شد(P< 0/05). یافته ها: نتایج این مطالعه بیانگر تاثیر ضد میکروبی قوی دو اسانس فوق روی این باکتری ها بود. باکتری استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس با حداقل غلظت ممانعت کنندگی mg/mL 1/2 (برای هر دو اسانس) حساس‌ترین باکتری در مقابل اسانس‌های بادرنجبویه و بادرشبو بود. در این میان اسانس بادرنجبویه اثرات ضد باکتریایی قوی‌تری علیه باکتری‌های مورد آزمایش در مقایسه با اسانس بادرشبو داشت. نتیجه گیری: نتایج حاصل بیانگر توان مهارکنندگی و ضد باکتریایی اسانس های بادرنجبویه و بادرشبو علیه این میکروارگانیسم های بیماریزا می باشد که می تواند بعنوان یک ماده ضد میکروبی گیاهی، جایگزینی مناسب برای ترکیبات شیمیایی ضد باکتری باشد و در صنایع غذایی و داروسازی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد

Does Pethidine Hydrochloride Analgesia in Patients with Acute Appendicitis Alter the Diagnostic Accuracy of Clinical Evaluation: a Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial

Background: Prevalence of cancers associated with the use of oral tobacco (OT) is rising very rapidly and prevention of use is the best option to tackle this scenario. This cross-sectional study estimated the proportion of OT use and predictors associated with its initiation and determined the knowledge, attitude A total of 354 students (15-30 years age) in five colleges were interviewed by medical students and completed a peer reviewed, pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire. Chi square test and logistic regression analyses were applied to the results.Method: Thirty nine (11.0%) students were lifetime users of smokeless tobacco among which nineteen (5.4%) were occasional users, seven (2.0%) were current users and thirteen (3.6%) fulfilled the criterion for established users. Paan was the most commonly used form of smokeless tobacco followed by Nass. On univariate analysis, lifetime use of smokeless tobacco showed significant associations with the use of cigarettes, student gender (M > F), individual condition (native > guest) and kind of the College (Engineering > Psychology).Results: Although pain scores significantly reduced in pethidine group and there was a significant difference between the pethidine and placebo groups (p<0.05). Pethidine administration did not alter the physical signs, delay time to surgery, or diagnostic accuracy.Conclusion: According to the result of the study, use of pethidine does not affect the accuracy and time of surgical diagnosis and can effectively reduce the pain among patients with acute abdominal pain due to appendicitis.Copyright©2012 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. All rights reserved

Left ventricle wall motion quantification from echocardiographic images by non-rigid image registration

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of applying a new non-rigid image registration method on two-dimensional echocardiographic images for computing the left ventricle (LV) myocardial motion field over a cardiac cycle. Methods: The key feature of our method is to register all images in the sequence to a reference image (end-diastole image) using a hierarchical transformation model, which is a combination of an affine transformation for modeling the global LV motion and a free-form deformation (FFD) transformation based on B-splines for modeling the local LV deformation. Registration is done by minimizing a cost function associated with the image similarity based on a global pixel-based matching and the smoothness of transformation. The algorithm uses a fast and robust optimization strategy using a multiresolution approach for the estimation of parameters of the deformation model. The proposed algorithm is evaluated for calculating the displacement curves of two expert-identified anatomical landmarks in apical views of the LV for 10 healthy volunteers and 14 subjects with pathology. The proposed algorithm is also evaluated for classifying the regional LV wall motion abnormality using the calculation of the strain value at the end of systole in 288 segments as scored by two consensual experienced echocardiographers in a three-point scale: 1: normokinesia, 2: hypokinesia, and 3: akinesia. Moreover, we compared the results of the proposed registration algorithm to those previously obtained using the other image registration methods. Results: Regarding to the reference two experienced echocardiographers, the results demonstrate the proposed algorithm more accurately estimates the displacement curve of the two anatomical landmarks in apical views than the other registration methods in all data set. Moreover, the p values of the t test for the strain value of each segment at the end of systole measured by the proposed algorithm show higher differences than the other registration method. These differences are between each pair of scores in all segments and in three segments of septum independently. Conclusions: The clinical results show that the proposed algorithm can improve both the calculation of the displacement curve of every point of LV during a cardiac cycle and the classification of regional LV wall motion abnormality. Therefore, this diagnostic system can be used as a useful tool for clinical evaluation of the regional LV function. © 2012 CARS

Extractive Dearomatization of Naphthalane Oil Fraction with Ionic Liquid and -N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone

In the article are given an analysis of the results of researches carried out for the purpose of selective treatment of the Naphthalane oil fraction boiling at 260-3400C with ionic liquid (IL) -morfolinphormiate synthesized on the basis formic acid + morpholine and - N-methyl-2-pyrrolidon (N-MP) and  as an extractant. The aim is to remove poisonous components -  sulfur compounds and toxic carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in order to improve therapeutic properties of Naphthalane oil cut. For this purpose we have used extraction method. On the basis of the conducted researches the role of -N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and IL-morpholinephormiatee in extraction conditions have been determined in selective treatment of Nafthalan oil, according to the results of spectral analysis residual amount of aromatic hydrocarbons decreased from 18.5% wt accordance to 2%, 1.5%. As well as the amount of sulphur decreased from 0.0354% to 0.010%,  0.011% and 0.019%.In the next stage the treated raffinates with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone has been purified on silica. In a result amount of aromatic hydrocarbons drastically decrease to be 0.07% and 0.02%. As a result we aquire transparency and at the same time the percentage amount of aromatic hydrocarbons drastically decreased from 2% to 0,07%, 1.5%, to 0.02%. Raffinates obtained in a 2-4 stage dearomatization with N-MP and IL. Raffinate are measured on NMR, UV and IR spectral analysis

Detection of Nitroaromatic Explosives in Air by Amino-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes

Nitroaromatic explosives are the most common explosives, and their detection is important to public security, human health, and environmental protection. In particular, the detection of solid explosives through directly revealing the presence of their vapors in air would be desirable for compact and portable devices. In this study, amino-functionalized carbon nanotubes were used to produce resistive sensors to detect nitroaromatic explosives by interaction with their vapors. Devices formed by carbon nanotube networks working at room temperature revealed trinitrotoluene, one of the most common nitroaromatic explosives, and di-nitrotoluene-saturated vapors, with reaction and recovery times of a few and tens of seconds, respectively. This type of resistive device is particularly simple and may be easily combined with low-power electronics for preparing portable devices

Electroproduction, photoproduction, and inverse electroproduction of pions in the first resonance region

Methods are set forth for determining the hadron electromagnetic structure in the sub-$N\bar{N}$-threshold timelike region of the virtual-photon ``mass'' and for investigating the nucleon weak structure in the spacelike region from experimental data on the process $\pi N\to e^+e^- N$ at low energies. These methods are formulated using the unified description of photoproduction, electroproduction, and inverse electroproduction of pions in the first resonance region in the framework of the dispersion-relation model and on the basis of the model-independent properties of inverse electroproduction. Applications of these methods are also shown.Comment: The revised published version; Revtex4, 18 pages, 6 figure

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve

Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk-outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk-outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk-outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10.8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9.51-12.1) deaths (19.2% [16.9-21.3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8.71 million (8.12-9.31) deaths (15.4% [14.6-16.2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253-350) DALYs (11.6% [10.3-13.1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0-9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10-24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25-49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50-74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public

Two Channel Indirect Gap Photoluminescence and Competition between the Conduction Band Valleys in Few Layer MoS2

In response to the demand in few nanometer MoS2 films on large substrate area, sulfurization of MoO3 layers deposited on SiO2 Si substrate by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition was performed and the obtained MoS2 films were tested using X ray diffraction, confocal Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to ensure identity, thickness and surface morphology of the films. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and steady state, excitation power and temperature dependent photoluminescence technique, supported by band structure calculations with spin orbit coupling included were then applied to trace down the evolution of electronic energy spectrum over the photon energy range 0.07 6.5 eV upon decrease of MoS2 thickness from 30 to 5 and 3 nm. Both experimental approaches solidly verify preservation of the well known, distinctive A, B, C, and D exciton structures at and above the direct energy gap down to 3 nm film thickness or 4 MoS2 layers. Two channels of indirect emission, which involve two competting valleys of the conduction band, are observed. Both 3 and 5 nm MoS2 exhibit switching from two to one channel indirect emission with temperature decrease. The former experiences such indirect to indirect crossover at much higher temperature than the latter, which corroborates our band structure result

Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health : all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival. Methods We completed all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality analyses from 204 countries and territories for detailed age groups separately, with aggregated mortality probabilities per 1000 livebirths computed for neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-5 mortality rate (USMR). Scenarios for 2030 represent different potential trajectories, notably including potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of improvements preferentially targeting neonatal survival. Optimal child survival metrics were developed by age, sex, and cause of death across all GBD location-years. The first metric is a global optimum and is based on the lowest observed mortality, and the second is a survival potential frontier that is based on stochastic frontier analysis of observed mortality and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Findings Global U5MR decreased from 71.2 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% uncertainty interval WI] 68.3-74-0) in 2000 to 37.1 (33.2-41.7) in 2019 while global NMR correspondingly declined more slowly from 28.0 deaths per 1000 live births (26.8-29-5) in 2000 to 17.9 (16.3-19-8) in 2019. In 2019,136 (67%) of 204 countries had a USMR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold and 133 (65%) had an NMR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold, and the reference scenario suggests that by 2030,154 (75%) of all countries could meet the U5MR targets, and 139 (68%) could meet the NMR targets. Deaths of children younger than 5 years totalled 9.65 million (95% UI 9.05-10.30) in 2000 and 5.05 million (4.27-6.02) in 2019, with the neonatal fraction of these deaths increasing from 39% (3.76 million [95% UI 3.53-4.021) in 2000 to 48% (2.42 million; 2.06-2.86) in 2019. NMR and U5MR were generally higher in males than in females, although there was no statistically significant difference at the global level. Neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years in 2019, followed by lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, congenital birth defects, and malaria. The global optimum analysis suggests NMR could be reduced to as low as 0.80 (95% UI 0.71-0.86) deaths per 1000 livebirths and U5MR to 1.44 (95% UI 1-27-1.58) deaths per 1000 livebirths, and in 2019, there were as many as 1.87 million (95% UI 1-35-2.58; 37% [95% UI 32-43]) of 5.05 million more deaths of children younger than 5 years than the survival potential frontier. Interpretation Global child mortality declined by almost half between 2000 and 2019, but progress remains slower in neonates and 65 (32%) of 204 countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, are not on track to meet either SDG 3.2 target by 2030. Focused improvements in perinatal and newborn care, continued and expanded delivery of essential interventions such as vaccination and infection prevention, an enhanced focus on equity, continued focus on poverty reduction and education, and investment in strengthening health systems across the development spectrum have the potential to substantially improve USMR. Given the widespread effects of COVID-19, considerable effort will be required to maintain and accelerate progress