An Overview of the Rising Challenges in Implementing Industry 4.0

Industry 4.0 is the fourth industrial revolution that was first introduced in Germany which then becomes a trend of future manufacturing industries. The Industry 4.0 also referred as the umbrella concept for new industrial paradigm which consists of a number of future industry characteristics, were related to cyber-physical systems (CPS), internet of things (IoT), internet of services (IoS), robotics, big data, cloud manufacturing and augmented reality. By adopting these technologies as the key development in more intelligent manufacturing processes including devices, machines, modules, and products, the process of information exchange, action and control will stimulate each other, subsequently to an intelligent manufacturing environment. However, in order to fully utilize the advantages of industry 4.0, there are some challenges that need to be overcome. This paper reviews the challenges in implementing Industry 4.0. The literatures found in this paper mainly from Google Scholar, Science Direct and Emerald. In short, the challenges can be imparted into seven major categories. There are data management and Integration, knowledge-driven, process, security, capital, workforce, and education

A review of gelatin: properties, sources, process, applications, and commercialisation

This review begins with a discussion of the general properties of gelatin and its sources, particularly in the food and health industries, and then briefly address the status quo of gelatin in today’s market. Apart from the basic chemical compounds and gelatin types, this paper also discussed the commercialisation of gelatin. This study also highlights the production of conventional gelatin and its current method of processing, i.e. enzymatic hydrolysis. In addition, the variety of raw materials of collagen is outlined and briefly broached the plant hydrocolloids which have been labeled as ’veggie-gelatin’. With regard to the potential and market stability of gelatin, its recent studies are summarised in this paper. Accordingly, this paper focuses on assessing the general utilities of the various sources of collagen as gelatin derivatives. At that basis, the aim of this review is to provide an insight into gelatin in current applications, market value and progress in gelatin extraction

Influence of altered Ca-P based electrolytes on the anodised titanium bioactivity

Anodic oxidation (AO) of titanium is a common electrochemical process for surface modification of metallic surfaces and is conducted in an electrolyte solution. Anodisation of titanium implants can generate a coating with optimal characteristics to accelerate the growth of bone-like apatite. The present work aims to develop a novel AO electrolyte formulation of a Ca–P base solution containing three different alteration agents. The characteristics of the anodised coating were modified by varying the volume fractions of the alteration agents, namely sulphuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid in a base solution of β-glycerolphosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (β-GP) and calcium acetate monohydrate (CA). The surface morphology, mineralogy, wettability, and bioactivity of these coatings were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), contact angle analysis, and in vitro testing using simulated body fluid (SBF). Anodisation in a mixture of β-GP + CA electrolyte resulted in the formation of Ca-P-rich oxide coating (with surface features with a donutlike shape) and when altered with 12.5 vol% sulphuric acid, highly defined spiky needle-like morphology was seen on the surface. These coatings were composed of hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, and calcium diphosphate. After 7 days of SBF immersion, the surface was observed to contain a dense layer of bone-like apatite. However, alteration using acetic acid did not result in any significant changes to the surface characteristics and no bone-like apatite formation was observed even after soaking in SBF for 7 days. Alteration using hydrogen peroxide resulted in an anodised coating that assisted the growth of bone-like apatite layer on the coating surfaces after soaking in SBF for 7 days. The differences in coating performance are linked to the presence of different functional ions with hydronium groups (from sulphuric acid) being superior compared to the carboxyl ions (from acetic acid). The coating produced by sulphuric acid alteration demonstrated super hydrophilicity and rough

In vitro surface efficacy of CaP-based anodised titanium for bone implants

This study examined the effect of changes to the surface of CaP-based anodised titanium on osteogenesis and antimicrobial activity in vitro. The present work is proposed to investigate the mechanical stability of two different CaP/TiO2 micromorphology-based coatings, namely donut-shaped (350 V) and needle-shaped (450 V), that are fabricated by single-step micro-arc anodic oxidation at different conditions alongside with their cytocompatibility and antibacterial properties. The microhardness of the sample anodised at 450 V is ~100 MPa lower than that seen in the sample fabricated at 350 V, but both resultant coatings were strongly adhere to the substrate. However, the coating at 450 V was observed to suffer from delamination, indicating the needle-like structure is mechanically unstable. After 7 days of SBF immersion, the 450 V sample was highly bioactive relative to the 350 V sample. However, MTT assays showed that the 450 V coatings showed lower growth rate of hFOB 1.19 at day 14, which indicates that although the structure does have a superior ability to form apatite, it has long-term negative implications possibly from the toxicity of the structure to bone growth. The Alizarin-red staining shows that 450 V sample shows a negative trend of osteogenic mineralisation, thus qualitatively validating the toxicity. For antimicrobial effects, the donut-shaped microstructures were shown to have adequate antibacterial properties compared to the needle-like structures. Overall, this study suggest that the donut-shaped TiO2 morphology is the best cementless interface for bone cell anchorage

Novel straight type aortic cannula with spiral flow inducing design

Aortic cannula is one of major factors leading to adverse events such as thrombosis and atherosclerosis development during open heart surgery. This is due to oxygenated blood outflow with high velocity jet from heart lung machine when exiting the cannula tip into ascending aorta. It was discovered, and validated by several researchers that blood flow out of the left ventricle into the aorta is spiral in nature. In this study, a novel design in which internal profile of the cannula was made to induce spiral flow were tested by way of numerical simulation, and compared against existing commercial cannula. Three designs were tested, which differed in number of groove employed. Among the cannula model designs, cannula design with 4 grooves yielded the lowest value of maximum wall shear stress at testing tube with 3.778 Pa and highest value of area weighted helicity density at 40 mm from cannula tips with 11.829 m/s2. Overall, spiral cannula models were showed highly potential in inducing spiral flow, and also the effect on blood hemolysis is acceptable

An updated review on surface functionalisation of titanium and its alloys for implants applications

Deposition of bioactive and degradable coatings on titanium implants before implantation is objectively to create a biologically-inspired surface that can enhance cell anchorage at the initial stage of implantation and facilitate osseointegration at the later stage of implantation. Therefore, this review paper is aim to discuss the surface functionality of titanium and its alloys regarding its physical structure, chemical composition and biological reaction through its deposited coatings of the altered surface. This review begins by explaining the working fundamentals of biomaterials and present methods used to adjust the titanium surface for biomedical applications, followed by the concept of biocompatibility of the coated surfaces of the titanium-based implant and the mechanism for adapting the affected surface to its bioimplanted environments. The paper also discusses the possible challenges of biocompatibility of the bioactive coating on titanium for implants. Intriguingly, the usability of 3D-printing technology as an implant surface modification technique is addressed in this recent study. In addition to the existing review papers on the surface modification of titanium-based implants, this current review contributes to the outline concept of biocompatible coated titanium. Herein, the outlined principle focused on the osseointegration mechanisms within coated titanium to its implanted environment, most of which are based on recent findings and are further adopted by today’s influential literature on titanium surface modification and its alloys

Tilapia wastes to valuable materials: A brief review of biomedical, wastewater treatment, and biofuel applications

Scale, skin, internal organs, viscera, trimmings, bone, tails, and fins are common fish wastes that are dif�ficult to dispose of. Discarded fish wastes have become a global environmental concern. The conversion of fish waste into valuable materials, on the other hand, is currently in high demand around the world. In over 120 countries, there are numerous tilapia species available on the market. However, because of its low commercial value, tilapia wastes are discarded. This brief review summarises recent works on tilapia wastes utilisation in three areas: biomedical applications such as wound dressing treatment, synthesis of hydroxyapatite and gelatin extraction, wastewater treatment, and biofuel. The recovery of valuable mate�rials from tilapia biowaste helps to reduce the environmental problems caused by discarded tilapia waste