Effects of treatments with different doses of the chalcone (<i>E</i>)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methylphenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one) (2HMC) on the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) and polychromatic/normochromatic erythrocyte ratio (PCE/NCE) in bone marrow cells of mice.

<p>Effects of treatments with different doses of the chalcone (<i>E</i>)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methylphenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one) (2HMC) on the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) and polychromatic/normochromatic erythrocyte ratio (PCE/NCE) in bone marrow cells of mice.</p

Synthetic route of chalcone 2HMC (1).

<p>Reagents and conditions: (a) 50% NaOH (w/w), EtOH, 12 h (room temperature).</p

Evaluation of cytotoxic and genotoxic activities in the bone marrow of mice treated with sulfonamide chalcone N-{4-[3-(4-nitrophenyl)prop-2-enoyl]phenyl}-benzenesulfonamide (CPN) based on MNPCE and PCE/NCE frequency.

<p>¹ Negative control: dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) 0.1 mL/10 g body weight (b.w.).</p><p>² Positive control: mitomycin C (MMC) 4 mg/kg (80% LD₅₀).</p><p>All values are mean ± SD of five mice.</p><p>³ Statistical analysis: one-way ANOVA and the Tukey’s test.</p><p>⁴ Statistical analysis: chi-square (χ^<b>2</b>) test.</p><p>Mean values followed by the same letter in the column do not present significant difference at 5% probability.</p><p>^{a, b, c, d} Letter in common in the same column do not present significant difference (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Different letters in the same column present significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p>Evaluation of cytotoxic and genotoxic activities in the bone marrow of mice treated with sulfonamide chalcone N-{4-[3-(4-nitrophenyl)prop-2-enoyl]phenyl}-benzenesulfonamide (CPN) based on MNPCE and PCE/NCE frequency.</p

Means ± standard deviation (SD) of histidine revertant colonies, mutagenic index (MI), and inhibition percentage (IP) of mutagenicity for two tester strains of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>, TA98 and TA100, after treatment with different doses of sulfonamide chalcone N-{4-[3-(4-nitrophenyl)prop-2-enoyl]phenyl}-benzenesulfonamide (CPN).

<p>¹ Negative control: 20 μL dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).</p><p>² Positive control: 0.5 μg 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO)/plate for TA98 and 1.5 μg sodium azide/plate for TA100.</p><p>All values are means ± SD of three independent experiments.</p><p>³ Statistical analysis: one-way ANOVA and the Tukey’s test.</p><p>^{a, b, c, d} Letter in common in the same column do not present significant difference (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Different letters in the same column present significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p>Means ± standard deviation (SD) of histidine revertant colonies, mutagenic index (MI), and inhibition percentage (IP) of mutagenicity for two tester strains of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>, TA98 and TA100, after treatment with different doses of sulfonamide chalcone N-{4-[3-(4-nitrophenyl)prop-2-enoyl]phenyl}-benzenesulfonamide (CPN).</p

Means ± standard deviation (SD) of histidine revertant colonies (obtained from three independent experiments carried out in triplicate), mutagenic index (MI), and inhibition percentage of mutagenicity (IP) for two tester strains of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>, TA98 and TA100, after treatment with different doses of the chalcone (<i>E</i>)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methylphenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one) (2HMC).

<p>Means ± standard deviation (SD) of histidine revertant colonies (obtained from three independent experiments carried out in triplicate), mutagenic index (MI), and inhibition percentage of mutagenicity (IP) for two tester strains of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>, TA98 and TA100, after treatment with different doses of the chalcone (<i>E</i>)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methylphenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one) (2HMC).</p

Assessment of the genotoxic and antigenotoxic activities of the chalcone (<i>E</i>)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methylphenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one) (2HMC) at different doses in mice bone marrow cells using the comet assay estimated by the parameter %DNA in tail.

<p>DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide (negative control); CPA, cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg BW) (positive control). ANOVA and the Tukey’s test: *significant compared to the positive control (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Groups 3 and 4, treated only with 2HMC, were compared to the negative control. Groups 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, co-, pre-, or post-treated were compared to the positive control.</p

Yield, physical state, melting point, purity, and spectroscopic data (GS-MS, IR, ¹H-NMR) of N-(4-acetylphenyl)benzenesulfonamide (1) and N-{4-[(<i>E</i>)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)prop-2-enoyl]phenyl}-benzenesulfonamide (2).

<p>¹ Retention time.</p><p>² Mobile phase used: CH₃CN:aqueous buffer containing chloroacetic acid 0.1% (55:45).</p><p>Yield, physical state, melting point, purity, and spectroscopic data (GS-MS, IR, ¹H-NMR) of N-(4-acetylphenyl)benzenesulfonamide (1) and N-{4-[(<i>E</i>)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)prop-2-enoyl]phenyl}-benzenesulfonamide (2).</p