Investigation of lateral load resistance of laterally loaded pile in sandy soil

Investigation of the lateral load resistance of pile is made by laboratory model test on single and group piles. The experiments are carried out with varying size, spacing of piles in group and length to diameter ratio (L/d) of the piles. Lateral resistance of pile is a function of shape, size, spacing and length to diameter ratio (L/d) of the pile. In this study, model pile is single pile, and group piles having configurations are of (2x1, 2x2) which satisfy the Meyerhof’s relative stiffness limit of pile for flexible pile. For model pile embedded length to diameter ratio (L/d) are 20, 30, 35 and spacing are S = 3d, 4.5d, 6d. These experiments are conducted in the sand available at North-South region (Rajshahi) in Bangladesh. Lateral loads are applied in the single and pile groups by a lateral load setup arrangement. Due to the lateral load the pile are deflected. The load-displacement responses, ultimate resistance, group efficiency of piles with different spacing and number of piles in group have been qualitatively and quantitatively investigated in the experiment. From the load-displacement curve, ultimate lateral load resistances are obtained by double tangent method. Also some analytical methods proposed by Meyerhof, Patra & Pise used to determine the ultimate lateral load resistance of pile and pile groups. Finally, the lateral resistance of pile obtains by experiment and the ultimate lateral load resistances obtained by analytical methods are compared and trying to find out a analytical methods to determine the lateral reasonably for the sand are available at North-South (region) Rajshahi In Bangladesh

Effects of Mev Si Ions and Thermal Annealing on Thermoelectric and Optical Properties of SiO2/SiO2+Ge Multi-nanolayer thin Films

AbstractThermoelectric generator devices have been prepared from 200 alternating layers of SiO2/SiO2+Ge superlattice films using DC/RF magnetron sputtering. The 5 MeV Si ionsbombardmenthasbeen performed using the AAMU Pelletron ion beam accelerator to formquantum dots and / or quantum clusters in the multi-layer superlattice thin films to decrease the cross-plane thermal conductivity, increase the cross-plane Seebeck coefficient and increase the cross-plane electrical conductivity to increase the figure of merit, ZT. The fabricated devices have been annealed at the different temperatures to tailor the thermoelectric and optical properties of the superlattice thin film systems. While the temperature increased, the Seebeck coefficient continued to increase and reached the maximum value of -25μV/K at the fluenceof 5x1013 ions/cm2. The decrease in resistivity has been seen between the fluence of 1x1013 ions/cm2 and 5x1013 ions/cm2. Transport properties like Hall coefficient, density and mobility did not change at all fluences. Impedance spectroscopy has been used to characterize the multi-junction thermoelectric devices. The loci obtained in the C*-plane for these data indicate non-Debye type relaxation displaying the presence of the depression parameter

Effect of Mass Transfer on MHD Mixed Convective Flow along Inclined Porous Plate with Thermodiffusion

The effect of mass transfer on MHD mixed convective flow along inclined porous plate with thermodiffusion have been analyzed on the basis of boundary layer approximations. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible and dense, and a uniform magnetic field is applied normal to the direction of the flow. A Similarity transformation is used to transform the problem under consideration into coupled nonlinear boundary layer equations which are then solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta sixth-order integration scheme together with Nachtsheim-Swigert shooting iteration technique. The behavior of velocity, temperature, concentration, local skin-friction, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number for different values of parameters have been computed and the results are presented graphically, and analyzed thereafter. The validity of the numerical methodology and the results are questioned by comparing the findings obtained for some specific cases with those available in the literature, and a comparatively good agreement is reached

Effect of Mass Transfer on MHD Mixed Convective Flow along Inclined Porous Plate with Thermodiffusion

The effect of mass transfer on MHD mixed convective flow along inclined porous plate with thermodiffusion have been analyzed on the basis of boundary layer approximations. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible and dense, and a uniform magnetic field is applied normal to the direction of the flow. A Similarity transformation is used to transform the problem under consideration into coupled nonlinear boundary layer equations which are then solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta sixth-order integration scheme together with Nachtsheim-Swigert shooting iteration technique. The behavior of velocity, temperature, concentration, local skin-friction, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number for different values of parameters have been computed and the results are presented graphically, and analyzed thereafter. The validity of the numerical methodology and the results are questioned by comparing the findings obtained for some specific cases with those available in the literature, and a comparatively good agreement is reached

Effect of Mass Transfer on MHD Mixed Convective Flow along Inclined Porous Plate with Thermodiffusion

The effect of mass transfer on MHD mixed convective flow along inclined porous plate with thermodiffusion have been analyzed on the basis of boundary layer approximations. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible and dense, and a uniform magnetic field is applied normal to the direction of the flow. A Similarity transformation is used to transform the problem under consideration into coupled nonlinear boundary layer equations which are then solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta sixth-order integration scheme together with Nachtsheim-Swigert shooting iteration technique. The behavior of velocity, temperature, concentration, local skin-friction, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number for different values of parameters have been computed and the results are presented graphically, and analyzed thereafter. The validity of the numerical methodology and the results are questioned by comparing the findings obtained for some specific cases with those available in the literature, and a comparatively good agreement is reached

Boundary Layer Analysis in Nanofluid Flow Past a Permeable Moving Wedge in Presence of Magnetic Field by Using Falkner – Skan Model

In the present work, the effect of various dimensionless parameters on the momentum, thermal and concentration boundary layer are analyzed. In this respect we have considered the MHD boundary layer flow of heat and transfer over a porous wedge surface in a nanofluid. The governing partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations by using the similarity transformation. These ordinary differential equations are numerically solved using fourth order Runge–Kutta method along with shooting technique. The present results have been shown in a graphical and also in tabular form. The results indicate that the momentum boundary layer thickness reduces with increasing values of the pressure gradient parameter β for different situations and also for the magnetic parameter M but increases for the velocity ratio parameter λ and permeability parameter K*. The heat transfer rate increases for the pressure gradient parameter β, velocity ratio parameter λ, Brownian motion parameter Nb and Prandtl number Pr but opposite result is found for the increasing values of the thermoporesis parameter Nt. The nanoparticle concentration rate increases with an increase in the pressure gradient parameter β, velocity ratio parameter λ, Brownian motion parameter Nb and Lewis number Le, but decreases for the thermoporesis parameter Nt. Finally, the numerical results has compared with previously published studies and found to be in good agreement. So the validity of our results is ensured

Prediction of heat transfer performance of CuO/water nanofluids flow in spirally corrugated helically coiled heat exchanger using fuzzy logic technique

This paper presents the fuzzy logic expert system (FLES) for heat transfer performance investigation in helically coiled heat exchanger with spirally corrugated wall operated with water and CuO/water nanofluids. Compared with traditional logic model, fuzzy logic is more efficient in connecting the multiple units to a single output and is invaluable supplements to classical hard computing techniques. Hence, the main objective of this analysis is to investigate the relationship between heat exchanger working parameters and performance characteristics, and to determine how fuzzy logic expert system plays a significant role in prediction of heat transfer performance. Analytical values are taken in helically coiled heat exchanger with spirally corrugated wall operated with water and CuO/water nanofluids for investigation of heat transfer performance. The heat transfer coefficients of CuO/water nanofluids significantly increased about 5.90-14.24 with the increase of volume concentrations compared to water and while the values of the friction factor decreased with the increase in volume flow rate and volume concentration by using nanofluid instead of water. A fuzzy logic expert system model has developed for the prediction of heat transfer coefficient and friction factor. Verification of the developed fuzzy logic model was carried out through various numerical error criteria. For all parameters, the relative error of predicted values are found to be less than and/or slightly above the acceptable limit (5). The goodnesses of fit of the prediction values from the fuzzy logic expert system model are found to be close to 1.0 as expected, and hence demonstrated the good performance of the developed system. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd

Synthesis of esterified solid fat from fractionated rapeseed oil and palm stearin modeling by response surface methodology

The main purpose of the study was to produce esterified solid fat (ESF) from fractionated rapeseed oil and palm stearin through lipase-catalyzed reaction. The response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for optimization of three reaction factors such as substrate mole ratio, enzyme percent, and reaction time. The design was adequate and reproducible due to satisfactory levels of coefficient of determination (R2, 0.98) for both cases and coefficient variation (CV, 4.06 for SFC at 10 °C and 7.95 for SFC at 30 °C, respectively). The substrate mole ratio was the significant term for affecting the response of SFC (P<0.05) rather than reaction time and enzyme percent. Based on ridge analysis, the production of ESF with SFC 51.48 ±0.94 % at 10 ºC would be predicted by the combinations of optimized 24.07 h reaction time, 10.66 % enzyme and 1: 1.52 substrate mole ratios. On the other hand, the SFC of 21.44±0.83 at 30 ºC would be predicted by the combinations of optimized 24.37 h reaction time, 10.23 % enzyme and 1: 1.5 substrate mole ratios. The ESF contained mainly of palmitic (45.1%), oleic (40.8%), linoleic (5.6%) and stearic (4.5%) acids, respectively. The total sterol and tocopherol contents of ESF were 243.27 mg/100g and 19.26 mg/100 g, respectively. Therefore, these results in this study suggested that RSM can be used to optimize the lipase-catalyzed synthesis of ESF with suitable physical characteristics

Axisymmetric boundary layer slip flow with heat transfer over an exponentially stretching bullet-shaped object: A numerical assessment

The slip flow and thermal transfer inside the boundary layer are extremely significant for various problems in aerodynamics, wing stall, skin friction drag on an entity, high-level velocity aircraft, etc. The current research investigated the effect of the slip factor and shape factor on the axisymmetric bullet-shaped object by taking the viscous dissipation parameter and location parameter. The analysis is conducted for both fixed and moving bullet-shaped objects due to thinner and thicker surfaces. The governing equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using suitable local axisymmetric similarity transformations and solved by applying the spectral quasi-linearization method. A new correlation analysis is made for velocity and temperature gradients. It is observed that the boundary layer structure has no defined shape due to a thicker bullet-shaped object instead it forms a steep angle with the axis which is contradictory to the formation of the boundary layer. A negative correlation is observed for the parameters M, Ec, Q*, and s but a positive correlation is observed for the parameters such as Pr, P, λ, and ε. The surface thickness and stretching ratio significantly affect the fluid flow and heat transfer processes. It is also noticed that the thinner bullet-shaped object performs as a better cooling conductor compared to a thicker one. The skin friction is reduced in the case of a thinner bullet-shaped object compared to a thicker one. The present analysis reveals that the heat transfer rate and the friction factor may be helpful in industrial sectors for controlling the cooling rate and quality of the final product. This research brings forward to increase in the rate of heat transfer inside the boundary layer region. The result may help to design the various types of moving objects in the automobile engineering sector when the objects pass through the fluid