Langue de l’autre, langue de l’auteur. Affirmation d’une identité linguistique et littéraire aux xiie et xvie siècles, études réunies par Marie-Sophie Masse, Anne-Pascale Pouey-Mounou

Ce volume, issu d’un colloque tenu à l’Université de Picardie-Jules Verne en 2007, propose un rapprochement intéressant entre deux moments de l’histoire littéraire française – le xiie et le xvie siècle – dont la critique a souvent mis en relief les parallélismes en tant que moments de «renaissance» des lettres. Ce recueil d’études aborde la question délicate de la constitution d’une identité linguistique et littéraire au cours des deux époques en question, dans le cadre des rapports de la cul..

Numerical study of the three-folded effect of steam dilution on hydrogen ignition in a RCM with detailed kinetics

Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution (MILD) regime is a promising candidate for combustion future, since it meets the nowadays requested criteria for fuel flexibility, efficiency and inhibition of pollutant formation, such as NOx and soot. This regime is obtained through preheating of the oxidizer flow, and a specific internal aerodynamic of the burner in conjunction with high velocity inlet, which is responsible for flue gases recirculation and turbulent mixing. This results in a localized reduction of O2, and a strongly diluted fuel mixture, leading to delayed ignition and to a homogeneous as well as distributed reaction zone. In the last years, hydrogen has attracted great attention as Energy Carrier for its storage opportunity and the absence of the pollutant (CO2, SOx and UHC) among its products. Its importance will increase within the next years. Its usage as an enrichment for methane, has been investigated for MILD condition in a Jet in hot coflow burner. In particular, A. Parente et al. [4] concluded that the hydrogen addition leads to complex oxidation behaviors, which requests detailed kinetics for a full phenomenon description. In fact, MILD combustion is characterized by a low Damköhler numbers regime, and the presence of a relevant amount of diluent make the mixing and the chemistry time scales overlap. For this reason, the kinetic mechanism, which were validated using conventional combustion data, usually accomplish a non-accurate estimation for these, conditions. According to Koroglu et al., diluents like CO2, and H2O exert a three-folded effect on the system, namely thermal (like N2 does), indirect and direct participation to single kinetic steps, as a collider and a reactant, respectively. However, we are far away from having a clear insight into the role of such species in MILD combustion, especially for Ignition delay time, one of the most important kinetic parameters in MILD combustion, along with the maximum temperature. Different experimental studies faced the H2/Oxidizer/Steam mixtures combustion in canonical reactors, namely: Wang et al. and Vasu et al. using a shock tube reactor, while Das et al., and Donohoe et al.. Recently, Shareh et al. studied the three-folded effect of CO2 dilution on methane flame speed for oxyfule combustion performing a fake species analysis (FSA). The aim of this work is to understand what is the steam dilution driving effect, for hydrogen ignition using the latter FSA approach for high Temperatures

Traduire de l’italien pour « illustrer » la langue française : une situation paradoxale ? Interrogations autour de quelques préfaces (1540-1552)

Au xvie siècle, les traductions ont joué un rôle fondamental dans le rapport entre les cultures française et italienne. Cette dernière a constitué un modèle de littérature en langue vulgaire que les traducteurs pouvaient imiter pour « illustrer » leur langue nationale. Néanmoins, ils couraient le risque de paraître « assujettis » à une autre culture vernaculaire, par ailleurs mise au même rang que le français. Cette contradiction est parfois abordée à l’intérieur des paratextes, avec des stratégies variées. L’une d’elles consiste à éliminer à la base toute contradiction par une valorisation de l’italien, présenté comme un intermédiaire utile pour approcher la culture latine, dont l’Italie se proclame l’héritière. Pour d’autres genres, comme les romans de chevalerie, la pertinence d’une médiation italienne est clairement niée, car la tradition épique française est présentée comme la source d’inspiration des « nouveaux romans » italiens et espagnols que les traducteurs « ramènent » en France, en revendiquant parfois la supériorité de leur travail face au texte source italien. La question du rapport entre traduction de l’italien et « illustration » de la langue française est par ailleurs au centre de la préface aux Dialogues de Sperone Speroni traduits par Claude Gruget. Afin de neutraliser la contradiction apparente résidant dans le fait de vouloir « orner nostre langue » à l’aide de la « langue tuscane », Gruget affirme que les traductions ne peuvent servir à « attribuer la richesse d’une langue à l’autre », en même temps qu’il opère une distinction entre le plan de l’inventio italienne et celui de l’elocutio française, elocutio qui à elle seule déterminerait la qualité d’une traduction et son importance au sein des lettres nationales.Nel XVI secolo, le traduzioni hanno svolto un ruolo fondamentale nel rapporto fra la cultura francese e italiana. Quest’ultima ha costituito un modello di letteratura in lingua volgare che i traduttori potevano imitare per «illustrare» la loro lingua nazionale. Ma i traduttori correvano così il rischio di sembrare «assoggettati» ad un’altra cultura vernacolare, peraltro posta sullo stesso piano di quella francese. Questa contraddizione è talvolta trattata nei paratesti con strategie diverse. Una di queste consiste nell’eliminare ogni contraddizione tramite una valorizzazione dell’italiano presentato come un’utile mediazione per conoscere la cultura latina, di cui l’Italia si vuole l’erede. Per altri generi, come i romanzi cavallereschi, la pertinenza di una mediazione italiana è negata, poiché la tradizione epica francese è presentata come la fonte d’ispirazione dei «nuovi romanzi» italiani e spagnoli che i traduttori introducono in Francia, rivendicando qualche volta la superiorità del loro lavoro rispetto all’originale italiano. La questione dei rapporti fra traduzione dall’italiano e «illustrazione» della lingua francese è d’altronde centrale nella prefazione dei Dialoghi di Sperone Speroni tradotti da Claude Gruget. Per neutralizzare la contraddizione apparente insita nella volontà di «ornare la nostra lingua» con l’aiuto della «lingua toscana», Gruget afferma che le traduzioni non possono servire a «attribuire la ricchezza di una lingua ad un’altra», nel momento stesso in cui distingue fra il piano dell’inventio italiana e quello dell’elocutio francese, elocutio che, da sola, determinerebbe la qualità di una traduzione e il suo rilievo nell’ambito delle lettere nazionali.In the 16th century, translations have played a fundamental role in the relationship between the French and Italian cultures. The last was a model of vernacular literature translators could imitate to celebrate their own language. Nevertheless, they might sound subject to another vernacular culture, set on the same level as the French one. This contradiction is sometimes faced in the translations. One of the possible answers to it is to eliminate any contradiction by promoting the Italian language, presented as an intermediate to approach the Latin culture. For other genres, like chivalric novels, the relevance of Italian mediation is clearly denied, as the source of inspiration is identified with the French epic tradition, that the translators bring back to France, sometimes claiming the superiority of their work in the face of the Italian source text. The relationship between translation and promotion of the French language is faced in the preface to the Dialogues of Sperone Speroni, translated by Claude Gruget. He denies the possibility that translations could be used to enhance the target language; at the same time, he operates a distinction between an Italian inventio and a French elocutio, which according to him determines the quality and the influence of a translation

Villon entre mythe et poésie, textes édités par Jean Dufournet et Marcel Faure

Questo bel volume raccoglie gli atti di un convegno organizzato nel 2006 a Parigi da tre insigni studiosi villoniani, due dei quali recentemente scomparsi, con l’obiettivo di offrire nuove prospettive e spunti fecondi agli studi sull’opera del poeta. La raccolta si apre con un commosso ricordo di uno degli organizzatori, M. Freeman. Nel contributo iniziale Jean Dufournet (Quelques propos sur l’actualité villonienne, pp. 11-15) segnala le ultime novità editoriali nel campo degli studi su Villo..

Due Dits del xiv secolo. Dit de la Queue de Renart – Dit de Fauvain, edizione critica, traduzione e commento a cura di Margherita Lecco

Il presente volume contiene l’edizione critica di due dits contenuti nei codici Paris, B.n.F., fr. 12438 e fr. 571. Nell’introduzione, l’A. illustra i caratteri più ricorrenti del dit, fondandosi sulle conclusioni di Paul Zumthor e Jacqueline Cerquiglini, che ne avevano messo in luce l’andamento “discontinuo” (determinato da un approccio discorsivo, da un je che si rivolge a un uditorio), la predilezione per temi d’attualità, il largo ricorso alla descrizione e all’enumerazione e, non ultima,..

Les cours comme lieu de rencontre et d’élaboration des langues vernaculaires à la Renaissance (1480-1620), J. Balsamo, A. K. Bleuler (éds.)

Dopo i due volumi dedicati agli ateliers di stampa e alle città come luoghi di promozione e sviluppo del volgare, la serie «De lingua et linguis», che presenta i risultati del progetto franco-tedesco Eurolab sull’emergenza delle lingue vernacolari, si arricchisce di una nuova raccolta di contributi che indagano il ruolo svolto dalle corti in questo importante fenomeno del Rinascimento europeo. In omaggio alla natura binazionale del progetto, i testi introduttivi sono presentati in francese e ..

The Emerging Role of Altered D-Aspartate Metabolism in Schizophrenia: New Insights From Preclinical Models and Human Studies

Besides D-serine, another D-amino acid with endogenous occurrence in the mammalian brain, D-aspartate, has been recently shown to influence NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated transmission. D-aspartate is present in the brain at extracellular level in nanomolar concentrations, binds to the agonist site of NMDARs and activates this subclass of glutamate receptors. Along with its direct effect on NMDARs, D-aspartate can also evoke considerable L-glutamate release in specific brain areas through the presynaptic activation of NMDA, AMPA/kainate and mGlu5 receptors. D-aspartate is enriched in the embryonic brain of rodents and humans and its concentration strongly decreases after birth, due to the post-natal expression of the catabolising enzyme D-aspartate oxidase (DDO). Based on the hypothesis of NMDAR hypofunction in schizophrenia pathogenesis, recent preclinical and clinical studies suggested a relationship between perturbation of D-aspartate metabolism and this psychiatric disorder. Consistently, neurophysiological and behavioral characterization of Ddo knockout (Ddo−/−) and D-aspartate-treated mice highlighted that abnormally higher endogenous D-aspartate levels significantly increase NMDAR-mediated synaptic plasticity, neuronal spine density and memory. Remarkably, increased D-aspartate levels influence schizophrenia-like phenotypes in rodents, as indicated by improved fronto-hippocampal connectivity, attenuated prepulse inhibition deficits and reduced activation of neuronal circuitry induced by phencyclidine exposure. In healthy humans, a genetic polymorphism associated with reduced prefrontal DDO gene expression predicts changes in prefrontal phenotypes including greater gray matter volume and enhanced functional activity during working memory. Moreover, neurochemical detections in post-mortem brain of schizophrenia-affected patients have shown significantly reduced D-aspartate content in prefrontal regions, associated with increased DDO mRNA expression or DDO enzymatic activity. Overall, these findings suggest a possible involvement of dysregulated embryonic D-aspartate metabolism in schizophrenia pathophysiology and, in turn, highlight the potential use of free D-aspartate supplementation as a new add-on therapy for treating the cognitive symptoms of this mental illness

Progressive Decline in Gray and White Matter Integrity in de novo Parkinson’s Disease: An Analysis of Longitudinal Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative Diffusion Tensor Imaging Data

Background: Progressive neuronal loss in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with progressive degeneration of associated white matter tracts as measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). These findings may have diagnostic and functional implications but their value in de novo PD remains unknown. Here we analyzed longitudinal DTI data from Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative de novo PD patients for changes over time relative to healthy control (HC) participants.Methods: Baseline and 1-year follow-up DTI MRI data from 71 PD patients and 45 HC PPMI participants were included in the analyses. Whole-brain fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) images were compared for baseline group differences and group–by–time interactions. Baseline and 1-year changes in DTI values were correlated with changes in DTI measures and symptom severity, respectively.Results: At baseline, PD patients showed significantly increased FA in brainstem, cerebellar, anterior corpus callosal, inferior frontal and inferior fronto-occipital white matter and increased MD in primary sensorimotor and supplementary motor regions. Over 1 year PD patients showed a significantly stronger decline in FA compared to HC in the optic radiation and corpus callosum and parietal, occipital, posterior temporal, posterior thalamic, and vermis gray matter. Significant increases in MD were observed in white matter of the midbrain, optic radiation and corpus callosum, while gray matter of prefrontal, insular and posterior thalamic regions. Baseline brainstem FA white matter (WM) values predicted 1-year changes in FA white matter and MD gray matter values. White but not gray matter changes in both FA and MD were significantly associated with changes in symptom severity.Conclusion: Significant gray and white matter DTI alterations are observable at the time of PD diagnosis and expand in the first year of de novo PD to other cortical and white matter regions. This pattern of DTI changes is in line with preclinical and neuroanatomical studies suggesting that the increased spatial spread of alpha-synuclein neuropathology is the key mechanism of PD progression. Taken together, these findings suggest that DTI may serve as a sensitive biomarker of disease progression in early-stage PD

Distinct Role of Striatal Functional Connectivity and Dopaminergic Loss in Parkinson’s Symptoms

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease. However, its link to Parkinson’s disease symptoms remains unclear. Striatal resting state functional connectivity differentiates between Parkinson’s disease patients and healthy controls and might be a potential mediator of the effects of striatal dopaminergic degeneration onto Parkinson’s disease symptoms. Here, we evaluated the relationship between dopaminergic deficits, striatal functional connectivity (SFC) at rest and different Parkinson’s disease clinical symptoms in the largest currently established cohort of de novo Parkinson’s disease patients. We show that SFC is an independent predictor of symptom severity in Parkinson’s disease in addition to striatal dopaminergic deficits. Furthermore, we find that distinct SFC networks are associated with symptoms reflecting the ability to perform daily routine automatized motor tasks and clinician-rated Parkinson’s disease motor symptoms. We find that reduced SFC is a major and independent predictor of Parkinson’s disease symptoms going beyond the mere reflection of striatal dopaminergic input loss. These findings indicate the high value of SFC as a clinically relevant biomarker in Parkinson’s disease