English peasants and agrarian policy of the Tudors and the first Stuarts: outlines of enclosure legislation = Английские крестьяне и аграрная политика Тюдоров и первых Стюартов: основы законодательства об огораживаниях

In the article considers the legislation of the Tudors and the first Stuarts related to the existent process of ploughland enclosure in the kingdom of England in the second half of the 16th - first half of the 17th century. The article researches into the origins of a number of agrarian statutes in Parliament and provides analysis of the contents of their separate articles referring to the peasants and the new gentr

English peasants and agrarian policy of the Tudors and the first Stuarts: legislation and peasant mentality through social conflict communication (1550-1640-s)= Английские крестьяне и аграрная политика Тюдоров и первых Стюартов: законодательство и крестьянская психология через социальные конфликты (1550-1640 гг.)

The article focuses on the essence of social conflicts involving peasants in the period of 1550-1640-s and the constituents of these conflicts = В статье отмечается сущность социальных конфликтов, в которых участвовали крестьяне в период 1550-1640 гг., их составные компоненты в контексте междициплинарного подход

Agro-industrial enterprises’ resource support transformation in the course of system integration

Currently, the Russian economy is undergoing active processes of digital transformation and system integration in all areas of production and economic activity. At the same time, the agro-industrial complex and agriculture lag behind the leading industries in terms of the level of digitalisation. This opens up large-scale prospects for the implementation of information technology projects, but also dictates the need to introduce additional measures to accelerate the development and implementation of digital technologies. The growing popularity of system integration is explained by a number of advantages: reducing the time for information exchange, decision-making and goods circulation, eliminating duplication of functions and the overall economic effect for each of the participants due to a wider and more comprehensive integration of computer systems. To support such initiatives, the study proposes a mechanism for the system integration of the resource subsystem of agricultural, processing and marketing enterprises in the region using a theoretical and methodological basis. Achieving the highest level of system integration is expected through the integration of information systems on a platform framework, as well as the addition of digital services of financial operators with the connection of economic entities of the agro-industrial complex. The developed mechanism reflects the algorithm of strategically significant events with a target orientation towards expanding the scale of system integration of enterprises in the agro-industrial complex. Its implementation will provide an opportunity for global planning in industries and provision of recommendations to market participants, including those based on artificial intelligence technologies

Small business capabilities for employment

© 2015, Asian Social Science. All rights reserved. Small business is a significant sector of economy which influences on rates of economic growth, structure and quality of Gross Domestic Product of the country, promoting social and economic problem- solving search. Small enterprises are the most important reserve for social and economic development of the country, they quickly provide creation of new workplaces, form significant quantity of technological innovations, promote creation and maintenance at the necessary level of a middle class in society. As a current significant trend of development of small business in world economy acts that fact that many graduates try to find a job in a small business

Human β-defensin-3gene expression in mucosa of ORL organs

The aim of present study was to investigate the hBD-3 gene expression in the surface epithelium of mucosa in ORL organs. We have studied a total of 210 mucosal samples, obtained at the most frequent surgical intervantions from 5 different anatomical functional areas: nose and paranasal sinuses, middle ear, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx. The inferior turbinate mucosa (1) and the normal middle nasal passage mucosa (2) served as controls. Estimation of hBD-3 and β-actin gene expression was performed by reverse transcription and realtime PCR. In the nasal and sino-nasal mucosa, only negligible expression levels were detected in 14.29-33.33% of samples, most often in the specimens from the middle nasal passage and ethmoid labyrinth polyps (53.84%), being absent in hypertrophic inferior turbinate. In the middle ear cavity, the frequency detection of the hBD-3 gene expression varied from 7.69% in the stapes superstructures mucosa to 53.85% of the mucosal samples in the presence of cholesteatoma. hBD-3 gene expression was detected in most tissue samples with high microbial contamination: palatine tonsils (100%); adenoid hypertrophy (84.62%); adenoids in hypertrophic states of adenoids and palatine tonsils (87.5%); laryngeal fibrous-vascular polyps (87.5%); other laryngeal pathology (77.78% of the samples). The highest levels of hBD-3 gene expression were found in laryngeal fibrous-vascular polyps. The findings presumed two functionally different types of immune response in mucosa of the ORL organs. In the anatomical-functional areas lined with ciliated epithelium (middle and inferior nasal passages, maxillary and ethmoid sinuses, middle ear), significantly lower frequencies (Fisher's exact test, p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) and levels (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) of hBD-3 gene expression were detected, except of polyps of the middle nasal passage and ethmoid labyrinth, and mucosa of the tympanic cavity in cholesteatoma, which may be related to the nature of the pathological process. In the areas lined with squamous epithelium or a combination of squamous and ciliated epithelium, hBD-3 gene expression was detected almost everywhere and at significantly higher levels. In the context of chronic inflammation and infection-related diseases of the ORL organs, in addition to the direct microbicidal activity of hBD-3 as the first line of immune response, one may suggest peptide dysregulation and, even, pathogenetic effects of hBD-3, e.g., increased sensitivity to infections, pathological changes in the composition of the commensal bacteria, fibrous remodeling

Features of the frequency of occurrence of T-330G <i>IL2</i> gene polymorphism in patients with COVID-19

SARS-CoV-2 infection is the etiopathogenetic factor of the new coronavirus infection. Susceptibility to the virus and, accordingly, the incidence differs in children and adults. On the one hand, this reflects the age-related features of the immune response. On the other hand, it is realized through the production of a number of cytokines, including IL-2, and reflects the genetically determined features of cytokine production. The aim of the study was to analyze the frequency of occurrence of T-330G polymorphic variants of the IL2 gene in patients with a new coronavirus infection. A total of 145 patients were examined, including 31.0% of children (n = 45) and 69.0% of adults (n = 100). The diagnosis of a new coronavirus infection was verified by RT-PCR confirming the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and identifying clinical symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection. The control group consisted of 50 healthy volunteer donors. Allele-specific PCR with electrophoretic detection in 3% agarose gel (Litech, Russia) was used to analyze the T-330G polymorphism of the IL2 gene. To compare the frequencies of allele combinations, the χ2 test and the odds ratio OR and (95% CI) were used.The dominant genotype in patients with COVID-19 was the heterozygous GT genotype of the T-330G polymorphism of the IL2 gene. In the group of children at risk of developing a new coronavirus infection, the GG genotype of the T-330G polymorphism of the IL2 gene was associated (31.1% in children and 18.0% in the control group, p &lt; 0.05, OR = 2.047). While the homozygous TT genotype of the T-330G polymorphism of the IL2 gene was a protective genotype (its occurrence rate was 26.7% in patients, 54.0% in the control group, p &lt; 0.05, OR = 0.315). In adults, the heterozygous GT genotype of the T-330G polymorphism of the IL2 gene was associated with the risk of developing a new coronavirus infection (in the group of patients – 44.0% versus control – 28.0%, p = 0.028, OR = 2.020). A low risk of developing the disease was associated with the homozygous TT variant of the T-330G polymorphism of the IL2 gene (in the group of patients 37.0% versus control – 54.0%, p = 0.024, OR = 0.500).The T-330G polymorphism of the promoter zone of the IL2 gene differently affects its production. The direction of the immune response and its effectiveness depend on the level of IL-2. Understanding the individual factors that determine the features of the immune response can help in understanding the mechanisms of development of COVID-19-associated diseases and the selection of approaches to personalized methods of their treatment

Pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with different types of diabetes mellitus: course and efficacy of treatment

The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of the features of the course and efficacy of the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with different types of diabetes mellitus (DM). 287 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were examined, which were divided into 3 groups. The first group included 69 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in combination with type 1 diabetes (DM1). The second group consisted of 87 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in combination with type 2 diabetes (DM2). The third group consisted of 131 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis without diabetes mellitus. It was found that pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and in patients without diabetes was predominantly detected at the age of 20 to 39 years, and in type 2 diabetes, on the contrary - over the age of 40 years. A comparative analysis of the clinical forms of pulmonary tuberculosis showed that tuberculum were significantly more frequent among patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes than those without diabetes. Distraction in lung tissue was observed in most patients in all three groups. In patients with combined DM, cavities with diameters less than 2 cm was more often observed. In patients with tuberculosis without DM, cavities with sizes from 2 to 4 cm were more often detected. M. tuberculosis positive sputum was observed in the majority of patients in all three groups, but significantly more often in patients with DM2. According to the spectrum of drug resistance, compared groups did not differ significantly. Negativation of sputum in 6 months was detected in 77,5% of patients with DM1, in 88,9% of patients with DM2 and 85,7% of patients without DM. Closing the cavity in lung in six month was detected in 38,8% of patients with DM1, in 59,3% of patients with DM2 and 61,0% of patients without DM.Целью исследования явился сравнительный анализ особенностей течения и эффективности лечения туберкулеза легких у больных с разными типами сахарного диабета. Обследовано 287 больных туберкулезом легких, которые были разделены на 3 группы. В первую группу вошли 69 больных туберкулезом легких в сочетании с СД 1 типа (СД1). Вторую группу составили 87 больных туберкулезом легких в сочетании с СД 2 типа (СД2). третья группа состояла из 131 больного туберкулезом легких без сахарного диабета. Было установлено, что туберкулез легких у пациентов с сахарным диабетом 1 типа и у больных без СД преимущественно выявлялся в возрасте от 20 до 39 лет, а при сахарном диабете 2 типа – в возрасте старше 40 лет. Сравнительный анализ по клиническим формам туберкулеза легких показал, что туберкулемы легких достоверно чаще наблюдались среди пациентов с сахарным диабетом 1 и 2 типов по сравнению с больными без СД. распад в легочной ткани наблюдался у большинства больных во всех трех группах. Вместе с тем, при наличии сопутствующего СД чаще наблюдались деструкции с размерами менее 2 см. При туберкулезе без СД чаще выявлялись полости распада диаметром от 2 до 4 см. Бактериовыделение наблюдалось у большинства пациентов во всех трех группах, но достоверно чаще у пациентов группы СД2. По спектру лекарственной устойчивости сравниваемые группы достоверно не различались. Эффективность лечения по прекращению бактериовыделения в группе Сд1 составила 77,5%, СД2 – 88,9% и без СД – 85,7%. различия в сравниваемых группах не были достоверными. Закрытия полостей распада через 6 месяцев лечения удалось достигнуть в группе больных СД1 в 38,8%, СД2 – 59,3% и в группе без СД - в 61,0% случаев

Improvement of Technology of Cholera Toxin B-Subunit Production

Consideration is given to implementation of state-of-the-art filtration technologies for up-scaled manufacturing of cholera toxin B-subunit, produced by recombinant Vibrio cholerae non O1 KM93 strain. Selected are micro- and ultra-filtration membranes to be incorporated into manufacturing method. Investigated are the properties of cholera toxin B-subunit, obtained applying the pilot technology. The engineered method for up-scaled manufacturing of cholera toxin B-subunit makes the procedure easier-to-maintain due to tangential micro- and ultra-filtration, performed at the stage of purification and concentration. It excludes labor-consuming chromatographic purification, while retaining B-subunit properties. The studies undertaken make it possible to manufacture cholera toxin B-subunit with the same characteristics as in the case of the pilot technology, but under production conditions, and use it as a component for chemical cholera vaccine

English peasants and agrarian policy of the Tudors and the first Stuarts: outlines of enclosure legislation = Английские крестьяне и аграрная политика Тюдоров и первых Стюартов: основы законодательства об огораживаниях

In the article considers the legislation of the Tudors and the first Stuarts related to the existent process of ploughland enclosure in the kingdom of England in the second half of the 16th - first half of the 17th century. The article researches into the origins of a number of agrarian statutes in Parliament and provides analysis of the contents of their separate articles referring to the peasants and the new gentr