Procrustean superimposition plot which minimizes the differences between the principal coordinates of patristic distances of <i>Anacanthorus</i> spp. and their Characiformes hosts.

<p>For each vector, the starting point (triangles) represent the configuration of <i>Anacanthorus</i> spp. and the arrowhead (points) the configuration of the corresponding hosts. The vector length represents the global fit (residual sum of squares) which is inversely proportional to the topological congruence. Host associations were grouped according to host families. Abbreviations of species names are the same as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0193408#pone.0193408.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3</a>.</p

Sampling sites of fish in the Paraná River and its tributaries between 2012 and 2015.

<p>A) Project PELD area with rivers Ivinheima (22°47’S—53°32’W), Baia (22°43’S—53°17’W) and Paraná (22°45’S—53°15’W) in the flood plain of the upper Paraná River. B) Sampling sites of <i>Salminus hilarii</i> in the Taquari River: Site 1 (23°17’48. 23” S; 49°11’56.74” W); Site 2 (23°39’42.12” S; 49°08'08.42" W); Site 3 (23°31'28.82" S; 49°09'37.04" W).</p

GenBank accession numbers of the DNA sequences of genes RAG1, COI and 16S of fish hosts and associated species of <i>Anacanthorus</i> detected in the present effort on each fish species.

<p>GenBank accession numbers of the DNA sequences of genes RAG1, COI and 16S of fish hosts and associated species of <i>Anacanthorus</i> detected in the present effort on each fish species.</p

Molecular mechanisms probably involved in plant colonization and plant growth promotion identified in the <i>H. seropedicae</i> SmR1 genome.

<p>Plant signals can modulate the expression of bacterial genes coding for adhesins, type IV <i>pili</i> and enzymes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis, triggering bacterial attachment to root surfaces. The molecular communication involves bacterial protein secretion and phytohormones to stimulate plant growth and modulate plant defense response. In addition, modulation of plant ethylene levels by ACC deaminase may contribute to plant growth promotion. The success of the endophytic association depends on a compatible genetic background that leads to benefits for both organisms.</p

General features of the genome of <i>Herbaspirillum seropedicae</i> SmR1.

<p>General features of the genome of <i>Herbaspirillum seropedicae</i> SmR1.</p

The type III secretion system gene cluster of <i>H. seropedicae</i> SmR1 and other organisms.

<p>Genes of the same color in different organisms are homologous. Genes colored in black have no counterpart in the genomic regions shown.</p

The genome of <i>Herbaspirillum seropedicae</i> SmR1.

<p>From inside to outside 1) G+C content; 2) GC skew; 3) genes color-coded according the COG functional categories; genes in the + strand and − strand are represented in the inside and outside circles respectively; 4) rRNAS operons; 5) putative horizontally transferred regions identified using IVOM: light red indicates low score and dark red indicates high score; 6) regions of <i>H. seropedicae</i> genome identical to castor bean (<i>Ricinus communis</i>) sequences (minimum of 200 bp in length and higher than 90% in identity).</p

Proposed pathways for aromatic compounds metabolism in <i>H. seropedicae</i> SmR1.

<p>Proposed pathways for aromatic compounds metabolism in <i>H. seropedicae</i> SmR1.</p