Transonic Dislocation Propagation in Diamond

The motion of line defects (dislocations) has been studied for over 60 years but the maximum speed at which they can move is unresolved. Recent models and atomistic simulations predict the existence of a limiting velocity of dislocation motions between the transonic and subsonic ranges at which the self-energy of dislocation diverges, though they do not deny the possibility of the transonic dislocations. We use femtosecond x-ray radiography to track ultrafast dislocation motion in shock-compressed single-crystal diamond. By visualizing stacking faults extending faster than the slowest sound wave speed of diamond, we show the evidence of partial dislocations at their leading edge moving transonically. Understanding the upper limit of dislocation mobility in crystals is essential to accurately model, predict, and control the mechanical properties of materials under extreme conditions

Plasmas Lasers et Champs Magnétiques

We studied the coupling between a laser produced plasmas and a magnetic field in two cases: 1) in the context of Inertiel Fusion Confinement (ICF), we first studied how magnetic fields are self generated during the interaction between a target and a laser, then 2) to progress in the understanding of the large-scale shaping of astrophysical jets, we studied the influence of an externally applied magnetic field on the dynamics of a laser-produced plasma expanding into vacuum. The first part of this thesis is thus dedicated to a numerical and experimental study of the self generated magnetic fields that are produced following the irradiation of a solid target by a high power laser (having pulse duration in the nanosecond and picosecond regimes). These fields play an important role in the frame of ICF since they influence the dynamics of the electrons produced during the laser-matter interaction, and thus condition the success of ICF experiments. The second part of this thesis is a numerical and experimental study of the influence of an externally applied magnetic field on the morphology of a laser produced plasma freely otherwise expanding into vacuum. This work aims at better understanding the observed large-scale collimation of astrophysical jets which cannot be understood in the frame of existing models. We notably show that show that a purely axial magnetic field can force an initially isotropic laboratory flow, scaled to be representative of a flow emerging from a Young Star Object, in a recollimation shock, from which emerges a narrow, well collimated jet. We also show that the plasma heating induced at the recollimation point could explain the "puzzling" observations of stationary X ray emission zones embedded within astrophysical jets.Nous avons étudié le couplage entre un plasma crée par laser et un champ magnétique dans deux configurations : 1) celle où les champs magnétiques sont autogénérés au cours de l'interaction laser-plasma, problématique liée à celle de la Fusion par Confinement Inertiel (FCI) et 2) celle où un champ magnétique externe est appliqué à un plasma laser en expansion libre dans le vide, configuration permettant notamment la modélisation en laboratoire des jets de matière observés en astrophysique. La première partie de cette thèse est donc dédiée à une étude numérique et expérimentale de la dynamique des champs magnétiques autogénérés lors de l'irradiation d'une cible solide par un laser de puissance (de durée d'impulsion nanoseconde ou picoseconde). Ces champs sont à considérer dans le cadre de la FCI car, en influençant la dynamique des électrons générés dans l'interaction, ils conditionnent en partie la réussite des expériences de fusion. La seconde partie de cette thèse est dédiée à l'étude expérimentale et numérique de la capacité qu'a un champ magnétique externe à modifier la morphologie d'un jet de plasma produit par laser, notamment à le collimater. Ce travail vise à mieux comprendre le phénomène de collimation à grande échelle observée dans les jets astrophysiques. Nous montrons notamment qu'un champ magnétique purement axial peut contraindre un écoulement, au départ isotrope, en un choc de recollimation générant un étroit jet bien collimaté, un phénomène non expliqué dans le cadre des théories jusqu'alors prévalentes. La convergence observée, et le chauffage subséquent, du plasma au point recollimation sont de plus avancés comme permettant d'expliquer d'intrigantes observations d'émission X stationnaire au sein des jets astrophysiques

Astrophysics of Magnetically Collimated Jets Generated from Laser-Produced Plasmas

International audienc

Super resolution imaging of nanoparticles cellular uptake and trafficking

Understanding the interaction between synthetic nanostructures and living cells is of crucial importance for the development of nanotechnology-based intracellular delivery systems. Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most widespread tools, owing to its ability to image multiple colors in native conditions. However, due to the limited resolution, it is unsuitable to address individual diffraction-limited objects. Here we introduce a combination of super-resolution microscopy and single-molecule data analysis to unveil the behavior of nanoparticles during their entry into mammalian cells. Two-color Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM) addresses the size and positioning of nanoparticles inside tells and probes their interaction with the cellular machineries at nanoscale resolution. Moreover, we develop image analysis tools to extract quantitative information about internalized particles from STORM images. To demonstrate the potential of our methodology, we extract previously inaccessible information by the direct visualization of the nanoparticle uptake mechanism and the intracellular tracking of nanoparticulate model antigens by dendritic cells. Finally, a direct comparison between STORM, confocal microscopy, and electron microscopy is presented, showing that STORM can provide novel and complementary information on nanoparticle cellular uptake

Characterization of high spatial resolution lithium fluoride X-ray detectors

International audienc

Laser-driven shock compression and equation of state of Fe2_2O3_3 up to 700 GPa

International audienceWe report here the first equation of state measurements of Fe$_2$O$_3$ obtained with laser-driven shock compression. The data are in excellent agreement with previous dynamic and static compression measurements at low pressure, and extend the known Hugoniot up to 700 GPa. We observe a large volume drop of $\sim$10% at 86 GPa, which could be associated, according to static compression observations, with the iron spin transition. Our measurements also suggest a change of the Hugoniot curve between 150 and 250 GPa. Above 250 GPa and within our error bars, we do not observe significant modifications up to the maximum pressure of 700 GPa reached in our experiment

Laser-driven shock compression and equation of state of Fe2_2O3_3 up to 700 GPa

International audienceWe report here the first equation of state measurements of Fe$_2$O$_3$ obtained with laser-driven shock compression. The data are in excellent agreement with previous dynamic and static compression measurements at low pressure, and extend the known Hugoniot up to 700 GPa. We observe a large volume drop of $\sim$10% at 86 GPa, which could be associated, according to static compression observations, with the iron spin transition. Our measurements also suggest a change of the Hugoniot curve between 150 and 250 GPa. Above 250 GPa and within our error bars, we do not observe significant modifications up to the maximum pressure of 700 GPa reached in our experiment

Hapten/Myristoyl Functionalized Poly(propyleneimine) Dendrimers as Potent Cell Surface Recruiters of Antibodies for Mediating Innate Immune Killing

Recruiting endogenous antibodies to the surface of cancer cells using antibody-recruiting molecules has the potential to unleash innate immune effector killing mechanisms against antibody-bound cancer cells. The affinity of endogenous antibodies is relatively low, and many currently explored antibody-recruiting strategies rely on targeting over-expressed receptors, which have not yet been identified in most solid tumors. Here, both challenges are addressed by functionalizing poly(propyleneimine) (PPI) dendrimers with both multiple dinitrophenyl (DNP) motifs, as anti-hapten antibody-recruiting motifs, and myristoyl motifs, as universal phospholipid cell membrane anchoring motifs, to recruit anti-hapten antibodies to cell surfaces. By exploiting the multivalency of the ligand exposure on the dendrimer scaffold, it is demonstrated that dendrimers featuring ten myristoyl and six DNP motifs exhibit the highest antibody-recruiting capacity in vitro. Furthermore, it is shown that treating cancer cells with these dendrimers in vitro marks them for phagocytosis by macrophages in the presence of anti-hapten antibodies. As a proof-of-concept, it is shown that intratumoral injection of these dendrimers in vivo in tumor-bearing mice results in the recruitment of anti-DNP antibodies to the cell surface in the tumor microenvironment. These findings highlight the potential of dendrimers as a promising class of novel antibody-recruiting molecules for use in cancer immunotherapy.</p

Hapten/Myristoyl Functionalized Poly(propyleneimine) Dendrimers as Potent Cell Surface Recruiters of Antibodies for Mediating Innate Immune Killing

Recruiting endogenous antibodies to the surface of cancer cells using antibody-recruiting molecules has the potential to unleash innate immune effector killing mechanisms against antibody-bound cancer cells. The affinity of endogenous antibodies is relatively low, and many currently explored antibody-recruiting strategies rely on targeting over-expressed receptors, which have not yet been identified in most solid tumors. Here, both challenges are addressed by functionalizing poly(propyleneimine) (PPI) dendrimers with both multiple dinitrophenyl (DNP) motifs, as anti-hapten antibody-recruiting motifs, and myristoyl motifs, as universal phospholipid cell membrane anchoring motifs, to recruit anti-hapten antibodies to cell surfaces. By exploiting the multivalency of the ligand exposure on the dendrimer scaffold, it is demonstrated that dendrimers featuring ten myristoyl and six DNP motifs exhibit the highest antibody-recruiting capacity in vitro. Furthermore, it is shown that treating cancer cells with these dendrimers in vitro marks them for phagocytosis by macrophages in the presence of anti-hapten antibodies. As a proof-of-concept, it is shown that intratumoral injection of these dendrimers in vivo in tumor-bearing mice results in the recruitment of anti-DNP antibodies to the cell surface in the tumor microenvironment. These findings highlight the potential of dendrimers as a promising class of novel antibody-recruiting molecules for use in cancer immunotherapy.</p

On the size of the secondary electron cloud in crystals irradiated by hard X-ray photons

A simple theoretical recipe is proposed to estimate the size of the secondary electron cloud, generated in matter by incoming hard X-ray photons. An exclusive response of the LiF crystal to deposited X-ray doses by proportional generation of secondary electrons, which cause creation of color centers density inside the crystal, provides a unique possibility to validate the theoretical predictions for the size of the electron cloud with submicron resolution. The radius of the electron cloud measured for 10.1 keV photons is in agreement with the theoretical predictions