13 research outputs found
Solution-Processed Organic Solar Cells from Dye Molecules: An Investigation of Diketopyrrolopyrrole:Vinazene Heterojunctions
Although one of the most attractive aspects of organic
solar cells
is their low cost and ease of fabrication, the active materials incorporated
into the vast majority of reported bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar
cells include a semiconducting polymer and a fullerene derivative,
classes of materials which are both typically difficult and expensive
to prepare. In this study, we demonstrate that effective BHJs can
be fabricated from two easily synthesized dye molecules. Solar cells
incorporating a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based molecule as a donor
and a dicyanoimidazole (Vinazene) acceptor function as an active layer
in BHJ solar cells, producing relatively high open circuit voltages
and power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 1.1%. Atomic force
microscope images of the films show that active layers are rough and
apparently have large donor and acceptor domains on the surface, whereas
photoluminescence of the blends is incompletely quenched, suggesting
that higher PCEs might be obtained if the morphology could be improved
to yield smaller domain sizes and a larger interfacial area between
donor and acceptor phases
Ternary Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells: Addition of Soluble NIR Dyes for Photocurrent Generation beyond 800 nm
The
incorporation of a <i>tert</i>-butyl-functionalized silicon
2,3-naphthalocyanine bisÂ(trihexylsilyloxide) dye molecule as a third
component in a ternary blend bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar
cell containing P3HT (donor) and PC<sub>60</sub>BM (acceptor) results
in increased NIR absorption. This absorption yields an increase of
up to 40% in the short-circuit current and up to 19% in the power
conversion efficiency (PCE) in photovoltaic devices. Two-dimensional
grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (2-D GIWAXS) experiments
show that compared to the unfunctionalized dye the <i>tert</i>-butyl functionalization enables an increase in the volume fraction
of the dye molecule that can be incorporated before the device performance
decreases. Quantum efficiency and absorption spectra also indicate
that, at dye concentrations above about 8 wt %, there is an approximately
30 nm red shift in the main silicon naphthalocyanine absorption peak,
allowing further dye addition to contribute to added photocurrent.
This peak shift is not observed in blends with unfunctionalized dye
molecules, however. This simple approach of using ternary blends may
be generally applicable for use in other unoptimized BHJ systems towards
increasing PCEs beyond current levels. Furthermore, this may offer
a new approach towards OPVs that absorb NIR photons without having
to design, synthesize, and purify complicated donor–acceptor
polymers
Hole Transport Materials with Low Glass Transition Temperatures and High Solubility for Application in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
We present the synthesis and device characterization of new hole transport materials (HTMs) for application in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs). In addition to possessing electrical properties well suited for ssDSSCs, these new HTMs have low glass transition temperatures, low melting points, and high solubility, which make them promising candidates for increased pore filling into mesoporous titania films. Using standard device fabrication methods and Z907 as the sensitizing dye, power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 2.94% in 2-μm-thick cells were achieved, rivaling the PCE obtained by control devices using the state-of-the-art HTM spiro-OMeTAD. In 6-μm-thick cells, the device performance is shown to be higher than that obtained using spiro-OMeTAD, making these new HTMs promising for preparing high-efficiency ssDSSCs
Molecular Engineering of Organic Dyes for Improved Recombination Lifetime in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
A major limitation of solid-state
dye-sensitized solar cells is
a short electron diffusion length, which is due to fast recombination
between electrons in the TiO<sub>2</sub> electron-transporting layer
and holes in the 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakisÂ(<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-di-<i>p</i>-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene
(Spiro-OMeTAD) hole-transporting layer. In this report, the sensitizing
dye that separates the TiO<sub>2</sub> from the Spiro-OMeTAD was engineered
to slow recombination and increase device performance. Through the
synthesis and characterization of three new organic D-Ï€-A sensitizing
dyes (WN1, WN3, and WN3.1), the quantity and placement of alkyl chains
on the sensitizing dye were found to play a significant role in the
suppression of recombination. In solid-state devices using Spiro-OMeTAD
as the hole-transport material, these dyes achieved the following
efficiencies: 4.9% for WN1, 5.9% for WN3, and 6.3% for WN3.1, compared
to 6.6% achieved with Y123 as a reference dye. Of the dyes investigated
in this study, WN3.1 is shown to be the most effective at suppressing
recombination in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells, using transient
photovoltage and photocurrent measurements
Role of Crystallization in the Morphology of Polymer:Non-fullerene Acceptor Bulk Heterojunctions
Many high efficiency
organic photovoltaics use fullerene-based
acceptors despite their high production cost, weak optical absorption
in the visible range, and limited synthetic variability of electronic
and optical properties. To circumvent this deficiency, non-fullerene
small-molecule acceptors have been developed that have good synthetic
flexibility, allowing for precise tuning of optoelectronic properties,
leading to enhanced absorption of the solar spectrum and increased
open-circuit voltages (<i>V</i><sub>OC</sub>). We examined
the detailed morphology of bulk heterojunctions of polyÂ(3-hexylÂthioÂphene)
and the small-molecule acceptor HPI-BT to reveal structural changes
that lead to improvements in the fill factor of solar cells upon thermal
annealing. The kinetics of the phase transformation process of HPI-BT
during thermal annealing were investigated through <i>in situ</i> grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering studies, atomic force
microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The HPI-BT acceptor
crystallizes during film formation to form micron-sized domains embedded
within the film center and a donor rich capping layer at the cathode
interface reducing efficient charge extraction. Thermal annealing
changes the surface composition and improves charge extraction. This
study reveals the need for complementary methods to investigate the
morphology of BHJs
Silicon-Naphthalo/Phthalocyanine-Hybrid Sensitizer for Efficient Red Response in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Introduction of a naphthalocyanine moiety to phthalocyanine allows for a gradual red shift of the absorption spectrum in the resulting chromophore. Using silicon as a core atom allows for the introduction of additional siloxane side chains which mitigate dye aggregation. A dye-sensitized solar cell with this hybrid sensitizer exhibits a broad and flat IPCE of 80% between 600 and 750 nm and high photocurrent densities of 19.0 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>
Bandgap Tuning of Silicon Quantum Dots by Surface Functionalization with Conjugated Organic Groups
The
quantum confinement and enhanced optical properties of silicon quantum
dots (SiQDs) make them attractive as an inexpensive and nontoxic material
for a variety of applications such as light emitting technologies
(lighting, displays, sensors) and photovoltaics. However, experimental
demonstration of these properties and practical application into optoelectronic
devices have been limited as SiQDs are generally passivated with covalently
bound insulating alkyl chains that limit charge transport. In this
work, we show that strategically designed triphenylamine-based surface
ligands covalently bonded to the SiQD surface using conjugated vinyl
connectivity results in a 70 nm red-shifted photoluminescence relative
to their decyl-capped control counterparts. This suggests that electron
density from the SiQD is delocalized into the surface ligands to effectively
create a larger hybrid QD with possible macroscopic charge transport
properties
Hydrophobic Organic Hole Transporters for Improved Moisture Resistance in Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Solar cells based on organic–inorganic
perovskite semiconductor
materials have recently made rapid improvements in performance, with
the best cells performing at over 20% efficiency. With such rapid
progress, questions such as cost and solar cell stability are becoming
increasingly important to address if this new technology is to reach
commercial deployment. The moisture sensitivity of commonly used organic–inorganic
metal halide perovskites has especially raised concerns. Here, we
demonstrate that the hygroscopic lithium salt commonly used as a dopant
for the hole transport material in perovskite solar cells makes the
top layer of the devices hydrophilic and causes the solar cells to
rapidly degrade in the presence of moisture. By using novel, low cost,
and hydrophobic hole transporters in conjunction with a doping method
incorporating a preoxidized salt of the respective hole transporters,
we are able to prepare efficient perovskite solar cells with greatly
enhanced water resistance
Phenyl/Perfluorophenyl Stacking Interactions Enhance Structural Order in Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks
A two-dimensional
imine-based covalent organic framework (COF)
was designed and synthesized such that phenyl and perfluorophenyl
structural units can seamlessly alternate between layers of the framework.
X-ray diffraction of the COF powders reveals a striking increase in
crystallinity for the COF with self-complementary phenyl/perfluorophenyl
interactions (FASt-COF). Whereas measured values of the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller
(BET) surface areas for the nonfluorinated Base-COF and the COF employing
hydrogen bonding were ∼37% and 59%, respectively, of their
theoretical Connolly surface areas, the BET value for FASt-COF achieves
>90% of its theoretical value (∼1700 m<sup>2</sup>/g). Transmission
electron microscopy images also revealed unique micron-sized rodlike
features in FASt-COF that were not present in the other materials.
The results highlight a promising approach for improving surface areas
and long-range order in two-dimensional COFs
Direct Conversion of Hydride- to Siloxane-Terminated Silicon Quantum Dots
Peripheral surface
functionalization of hydride-terminated silicon
quantum dots (SiQD) is necessary in order to minimize their oxidation/aggregation
and allow for solution processability. Historically thermal hydrosilylation
addition of alkenes and alkynes across the Si–H surface to
form Si–C bonds has been the primary method to achieve this.
Here we demonstrate a mild alternative approach to functionalize hydride-terminated
SiQDs using bulky silanols in the presence of free-radical initiators
to form stable siloxane (∼Si–O–SiR<sub>3</sub>) surfaces with hydrogen gas as a byproduct. This offers an alternative
to existing methods of forming siloxane surfaces that require corrosive
Si–Cl based chemistry with HCl byproducts. A 52 nm blue shift
in the photoluminescent spectra of siloxane versus alkyl-functionalized
SiQDs is observed that we explain using computational theory. Model
compound synthesis of silane and silsesquioxane analogues is used
to optimize surface chemistry and elucidate reaction mechanisms. Thorough
characterization on the extent of siloxane surface coverage is provided
using FTIR and XPS. TEM is used to demonstrate SiQD size and integrity
after surface chemistry and product isolation