Assessment of Air Pollution around Durra Refinery (Baghdad) from Emission NO2 Gas at April Month

غاز النتروجين هو واحد من المولوثات الخطره الموجوده في الهواء,انه غاز سام ويسبب تاثيرات صحيه كبيره على الجهاز التنفسي,اغلب مصادر هذا الغاز تنبعث من المصادر صناعيه  وبشكل خاص من مداخن محطات الطاقه ومصافي النفط. في هذه الدراسه معادله كاوس تم نمذجتها بستخدام برنامج الماتلاب لتوضيح تاثير غاز ثاني اوكسيد النتروجين NO2على منطقه محيطه بمصفى الدوره وايضا هذا البرنامج يقوم بتقيم بعض العناصر مثل سرعه الرياح والاستقراريه وتاثيرها على ارتفاع المدخنه.البيانات المستخدمه في هذه الدراسه هي كميه النفط الاسود ووقود الغاز المحترق في داخل المصفى خلال سنه 2017.البيانات الساعيه الشهريه اختبرت كحاله دراسيه بسبب هذا الشهر كحاله متقلبه.بعد تحديد نسبه الانبعاث للوقود وحساب سرعه الخروج من المدخنه(سنعتبر كل المصفى نقطه واحده) وحساب الارتفاع الفعال الناتج.تم مقارنه بين الارتفاع الفعال والعناصر الجويه وايضا الاستقراريه حيث وجد ان هناك علاقه طرديه مباشره عند ظروف الجويه الغير مستقره.بعد تنفيذ موديل كاوس تبين ان اغلب المناطق الملوثه بغاز ثاني اوكسيد النتروجين NO2هي الجادريه ومنطقه الكراراده وهي منطقه تبعد 3-4كم من المصفى ان الرياح السائده هي الجنوب الشرقي.Nitrogen dioxide NO2 is one of the most dangerous contaminant in the air, its toxic gas that cause disturbing respiratory effects, most of it emitted from industrial sources especially from the stack of power plants and oil refineries. In this study Gaussian equations modelled by Matlab program to state the effect of pollutant NO2 gas on area around Durra refinery, this program also evaluate some elements such as wind and stability and its effect on stacks height. Data used in this study is the amount of fuel oil and fuel gas burn inside refinery at a year 2017. Hourly April month data chosen as a case study because it’s unsteady month. After evaluate emission rate of the all fuel and calculate exit velocity from stack (consider all refinery unit is a point), effective height resulted. Effective height is test with other atmospheric element and with stability, and there is direct relation with unstable turner classes. After Gaussian model implemented results show that most pollutant area from pollutant of NO2 is Al-Jadriyah and Al-Karada area, this area is about 3-5 kilometer from the refinery point. The wind direction domain is from the south to south-east, thus most flow is to north, north-west and the pollutant level of NO2 is over the national ambient air quality standard in this area

Characteristics of Cµ2 derived from ultrasonic anemometer in an urban boundary layer

Fast-response observations of three components of wind and air temperature have been applied to calculate the refractive index function coefficient (Cµ2 ), which is needed to describe optical wave propagation in a turbulent medium. These were measured by 3D ultrasonic anemometer installed on the roof of the building of Atmospheric Science Department which is 19 m above ground level. Refractive index function coeffi cient was calculated for various periods of three seasons: winter, spring and summer.Diurnal variations of (Cµ2) have been made at the surface layer for these seasons. The results show that high values ofmean (Cµ2) occurred during the day time more than at night, also they occurred more in summer than in winter and spring. The results of (Cµ2) found to change with atmospheric stability, whereas they inversely decrease under unstable conditions, approximately constant at neutral cases, and increase under stable conditions. Values of (Cµ2) on average appears to be lower during the rainy and foggy weather cases compared to those of clear sky

Assessment of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress of Women in Domestic Violence Shelters in Kurdistan-Iraq: A Cross-sectional Study

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of domestic violence and severity of depression, anxiety, and stress with some socio-demographic characteristics among women who have sought sanctuary in domestic violence shelters. Materials and Methods: This study utilized a cross-sectional design, employing different sampling methods to recruit a total of 46 participants. A convenience sampling method was used for the study group, while purposive sampling was employed for the control group. The primary data collection tool was a standardized questionnaire consisting of three validated scales: the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-42). Results: The independent t-test analysis reveals highly significant differences between both groups (P≤0.001). The multivariate analysis has revealed significant differences among occupations in stress (P≤0.05), and significant differences were found in Relationship with family for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress (P≤0.001). Conclusions: Psychiatric disorders among domestic violence victims are very common, and the assessment of psychiatric disorders in domestic violence shelters is often overlooked or completely neglected. Physical, psychological, and verbal abuse are dominant types of violence suffered by shelter residents

Investigating the Aerodynamic Surface Roughness Length over Baghdad City Utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

This study calculated the surface roughness length (Zo), zero-displacement length (Zd) and height of the roughness elements (ZH) using GIS applications. The practical benefit of this study is to classify the development of Baghdad, choose the appropriate places for installing wind turbines, improve urban planning, find rates of turbulence, pollution and others. The surface roughness length (Zo) of Baghdad city was estimated based on the data of the wind speed obtained from an automatic weather station installed at Al-Mustansiriyah University, the data of the satellite images digital elevation model (DEM), and the digital surface model (DSM), utilizing Remote Sensing Techniques. The study area was divided into 15 municipalities (Rasheed, Mansour, Shulaa, Karrada, Shaab, Adhamiyah, Sadre 2, Sadre 1, Rusafa, Alghadeer, Baghdad Aljadeedah, Karkh, Kadhumiya, Green zone, and Dora). The results indicated that the variations in Zo depend strongly on zero-displacement length (Zd) and the roughness element height (ZH) and wind speed. The research results demonstrated that Baghdad Aljadeedah has the largest (Zo) with 0.43 m and Rasheed has the lowest value of (Zo) with 0.19 m.; the average (Zo) of Baghdad city was 0.32 m

Study the Concentration of SO2 Emitted From Daura Refinery by Using Screen View Model

In this study, the concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) were emitted from the Daura oil refinery units and their effect on the surrounding areas of the refinery were investigated, and also, study the atmospheric stability effective by using the Screen View model, and check the effect of the wind speed and direction on the spread of pollutants. As indicated during this study, the physical factors of the sources of pollution, such as the height of the chimney, its diameter and the surrounding environmental conditions, contributed to the increase in the concentration of contaminants. It was generally observed that the concentration of SO2 increased by increasing the rates of airflow and ambient temperature. This work was prove the influences of weather conditions in the transmission and spread of pollutants such as wind speed, wind direction, atmospheric stability and ambient temperature, but the effect of ambient air temperature was lower than others variables. When the distance increases between the plume and the source of pollution, a heat exchange takes place with the surrounding atmosphere, the difference between the temperature of the emitted gas and the surrounding atmosphere decreases and the buoyant force increases. This leads to a lack of vertical movement that disperses the contaminants. In addition, the concentration of the pollutants decreases with the distance increases from the source of the pollution. In the present work, emission rate of SO2, and stack gas exit velocity calculated for all stacks (point sources) of the twelve production units during August 2013, and February 2014 by using the actual amounts of fuel consumed in Daura refinery in this period

Turbulent flow at 190 m height above London during 2006-2008: A climatology and the applicability of similarity theory

Flow and turbulence above urban terrain is more complex than above rural terrain, due to the different momentum and heat transfer characteristics that are affected by the presence of buildings (e.g. pressure variations around buildings). The applicability of similarity theory (as developed over rural terrain) is tested using observations of flow from a sonic anemometer located at 190.3 m height in London, U.K. using about 6500 h of data. Turbulence statistics—dimensionless wind speed and temperature, standard deviations and correlation coefficients for momentum and heat transfer—were analysed in three ways. First, turbulence statistics were plotted as a function only of a local stability parameter z/Λ (where Λ is the local Obukhov length and z is the height above ground); the σ_i/u_* values (i = u, v, w) for neutral conditions are 2.3, 1.85 and 1.35 respectively, similar to canonical values. Second, analysis of urban mixed-layer formulations during daytime convective conditions over London was undertaken, showing that atmospheric turbulence at high altitude over large cities might not behave dissimilarly from that over rural terrain. Third, correlation coefficients for heat and momentum were analyzed with respect to local stability. The results give confidence in using the framework of local similarity for turbulence measured over London, and perhaps other cities. However, the following caveats for our data are worth noting: (i) the terrain is reasonably flat, (ii) building heights vary little over a large area, and (iii) the sensor height is above the mean roughness sublayer depth

Relationship between Snow and Temperature over Some Iraqi Meteorological Stations

Background: Snow forms when tiny ice crystals in clouds stick together to become snowflakes. If enough crystals stick together, they become heavy enough to fall to the ground. Where background includes Precipitation falls as snow when the air temperature is below 2 °C (275.15 K). The falling snow does begin to melt as soon as the temperature rises above freezing, but as the melting process begins, the air around the snowflake is cold. Objective: It is a myth that it needs to be below 0 °C (273.15) K to snow. In Iraq, the heaviest snowfalls tend to occur when the air temperature is between (273.15-275.15) K (0-2) °C. Methods: The data for this study, which includes Temperature (T), Snow Albedo (SA), and Snow Density (SD) as monthly-daily mean, taken from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for fifteen years from 2008 to 2022 for several selected stations over northern Iraq. The method was to take the monthly rates of snow density, snow albedo, and temperature for the stations of Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Zakho, Dohuk, and Amadiyah, and the type of relationship and strength of the connection between them was also known. Results: The study found an inverse relationship between snow albedo and snow density across the selected stations, indicating that an increase in snow density leads to a decrease in snow albedo. Notably, Duhok City exhibited the strongest relationship between snow albedo and density, with a regression coefficient of 0.9699 compared to other regions. Conclusions: This study highlights the complex relationship between snow albedo and density in northern Iraq. The strong correlation observed in Duhok City suggests the importance of further research to understand the factors influencing snow properties in this region

Similarity scaling of turbulence spectra and cospectra in a shallow tidal flow

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 116 (2011): C10019, doi:10.1029/2011JC007144.Measured turbulence power spectra, cospectra, and ogive curves from a shallow tidal flow were scaled using Monin-Obukhov similarity theory to test the applicability to a generic tidal flow of universal curves found from a uniform, neutrally stable atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). While curves from individual 10 min data bursts deviate significantly from similarity theory, averages over large numbers of sufficiently energetic bursts follow the general shape. However, there are several differences: (1) Variance in the measured curves was shifted toward higher frequencies, (2) at low frequencies, velocity spectra were significantly more energetic than theory while cospectra were weaker, and (3) spectral ratios of momentum flux normalized by turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) indicate decreased fluxes and/or elevated TKE levels. Several features of the turbulence structure may explain these differences. First, turbulent dissipation exceeded production, indicating nonequilibrium turbulence, possibly from advection of TKE. Indeed, using the production rate rather than dissipation markedly improves agreement in the inertial subrange. Second, spectral lag of the largest eddies due to inhomogeneous boundary conditions and decaying turbulence could explain spectral deviations from theory at low frequencies. Finally, since the largest eddies dominate momentum transfer, the consequence of the cospectra difference is that calculated ogive curves produced smaller total momentum fluxes compared to theory, partly because of countergradient fluxes. While ABL similarity scaling applied to marine bottom boundary layers (MBBLs) will produce curves with the general shape of the universal curves, care should be taken in determining details of turbulent energy and stress estimates, particularly in shallow and inhomogeneous MBBLs.The data were collected with support from NSF grant ECCS‐0308070 to SGM as part of the LOBO program (Ken Johnson, P.I.). The analysis presented here was supported by the Department of Defense (DoD) through the National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship (NDSEG) Program and through ONR grant N00014‐ 10‐1‐0236 (Scientific officers: Thomas Drake, C. Linwood Vincent, and Terri Paluszkiewicz). Additional support was provided by the Stanford Graduate Fellowship (SGF)

Progress in observing and modelling the urban boundary layer

The urban boundary layer (UBL) is the part of the atmosphere in which most of the planet’s population now lives, and is one of the most complex and least understood microclimates. Given potential climate change impacts and the requirement to develop cities sustainably, the need for sound modelling and observational tools becomes pressing. This review paper considers progress made in studies of the UBL in terms of a conceptual framework spanning microscale to mesoscale determinants of UBL structure and evolution. Considerable progress in observing and modelling the urban surface energy balance has been made. The urban roughness sub-layer is an important region requiring attention as assumptions about atmospheric turbulence break down in this layer and it may dominate coupling of the surface to the UBL due to its considerable depth. The upper 90% of the UBL (mixed and residual layers) remains under-researched but new remote sensing methods and high resolution modelling tools now permit rapid progress. Surface heterogeneity dominates from neighbourhood to regional scales and should be more strongly considered in future studies. Specific research priorities include humidity within the UBL, high-rise urban canopies and the development of long-term, spatially extensive measurement networks coupled strongly to model development