Coopetition as a Small Business Strategy: Implications for Performance

This paper explores coopetition, a strategy that combines cooperation and competition in addressing relationships between firms. We examine the underlying nature of coopetition, and evaluate the extent to which it represents a relevant strategy for small firms. Inherent problems are identified when attempting to collaborate with competitors. We propose an approach to measuring the coopetitive tendencies of small firms. The measurement approach centers on three underlying dimensions: mutual benefit, trust, and commitment. Applying this approach, we assess the relationship between coopetition and firm performance. Based on a survey of 647 small firms in Turkey, a strong, positive relationship is identified. Theoretical and managerial implications are drawn from the findings

Investigating the impact of customer orientation on innovativeness: evidence from born-global firms in Turkey

Our study develops and tests a research model that investigates the impact of born-globals’ customer orientation on innovativeness through the mediating roles of technological capability, relationship quality, and relationship information process. Data obtained from 197 small and medium-sized born-global firms in Turkey were used to gauge these relationships through structural equation modelling. The results suggest that born-globals’ customer orientation influences innovativeness indirectly through the mediating role of technological capability. Simply put, technological capability acts as a full mediator between customer orientation and innovativeness. Contrary to our predictions, relationship quality and relationship information process do not significantly influence innovativeness. Therefore, the empirical data do not support the mediating roles of relationship quality and relationship information process. In short, our study contributes to current knowledge by examining the factors that influence the innovativeness of born-globals using data obtained from born-globals in Turkey, which is a newly industrialised country

The effects of entrepreneurial marketing on born global performance

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate born global (BG) business organizations that (from or near their founding) seek superior performance. Design/methodology/approach - The methodology is based on a multi-case analysis of interviews conducted with five BG enterprises in which it evaluates, compares and contrasts the views of owner founders. Findings - It seems clear to the authors that organizational structure, the entrepreneurial processes adopted in creating firms, as well as marketing and learning orientation are all crucial ingredients in the successful early internationalization of enterprises from emerging economies. Originality/value - Although there are a number of studies on BG firms and a well-developed literature on entrepreneurial marketing, to the best of the knowledge, this is one of the earliest studies evaluating the synergetic effect of entrepreneurial marketing and issues that arise from the commingling of organisational dynamics, resources and the performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from emerging economies in the international arena. The paper contributes to scholarly discourse on the internationalization process of BG firms. The paper has practical relevance to entrepreneurs and SME from in emerging markets

Assessment of Animal Welfare in Different Beef Cattle Housing Systems by ANI 35 L/2000 Method

The aim of the study includes assessment of animal welfare using ANI 35L system to compare different types of beef housing systems. 42 beef farms were divided into 3 sub groups according to housing type (tie stall or loose type), condition of mechanical and technical equipment and use of labour. The sub groups of the study are: i) family type tether system (n: 18), ii) improved farms with tether systems (n: 11), iii) loose housing system (n: 13). Points given to the loose housing system found higher when they compared to tether system farms in the locomotion, social interaction and light and air categories (P<0.001). In the flooring category, family type tether systems had the lowest points when they compared to other housing systems (P<0.01). Loose housing system had higher mean about total ANI points when they compared to tether systems. As a result of ANI assessment, 94.44% of farms from family type and 63.64% of farms from improved tether systems found "not suitable for animal welfare" according to the sum of ANI points. None of the loose housing system farms take a part in this welfare category. As a result of the study, opportunity of outside exercise helps farms to improve animal welfare and structural requirements of the stall areas and service roads in the tether systems cause various welfare problems for animals

Investigating the impact of customer orientation on innovativeness: evidence from born-global firms in Turkey

Our study develops and tests a research model that investigates the impact of born-globals' customer orientation on innovativeness through the mediating roles of technological capability, relationship quality, and relationship information process. Data obtained from 197 small and medium-sized born-global firms in Turkey were used to gauge these relationships through structural equation modelling. The results suggest that born-globals' customer orientation influences innovativeness indirectly through the mediating role of technological capability. Simply put, technological capability acts as a full mediator between customer orientation and innovativeness. Contrary to our predictions, relationship quality and relationship information process do not significantly influence innovativeness. Therefore, the empirical data do not support the mediating roles of relationship quality and relationship information process. In short, our study contributes to current knowledge by examining the factors that influence the innovativeness of born-globals using data obtained from born-globals in Turkey, which is a newly industrialised country

Assessment of in vitro Cytotoxic, iNOS, Antioxidant and Photodynamic Antimicrobial Activities of Water-soluble Sulfonated Phthalocyanines

In recent years, much effort has been devoted to the development of effective anticancer agents. In this manner, the utilization of water-soluble sulfonated phthalocyanines is crucial for many cancer cell lines. In this study, phthalonitrile and metallophthalocyanine compounds linked by benzenesulfonic acid groups have been prepared. Antimicrobial behaviors of those compounds were investigated by performing disk diffusion and photodynamic assays on gram-positive and negative bacteria. Indium phthalocyanine (InClPc) (3) showed inhibition activity against B. cereus, B. subtilis and S. aureus with disk diffusion assay. Also, gallium and indium phthalocyanines (2 and 3) exhibited inhibitory activity on both gram-positive and -negative microorganisms after light activation. Increasing the inhibitor concentration and light exposure time increased the inhibition activity for both molecules. GaClPc (2) demonstrated the maximum reducing power capacity among studied compounds, and CoPc (4) showed even better DPPH radical scavenging ability than the standard molecule Trolox at 2000 mu g mL(-1) concentration. The dose-dependent effect of compounds on cytotoxicity was studied against cancer cells PANC-1, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, A549, HeLa, CaCo-2 and non-tumorigenic cells HEK-293. All compounds showed no significant cytotoxic effect on any cell line up to the highest treated concentration at 50 mu g mL(-1). However, all phthalocyanines had significant nitric oxide inhibition activity, and only in copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) (5), the MTT IC50 value was reached on LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The lowest inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) IC50 values were defined as 6 +/- 1 mu g mL(-1) and 7 +/- 0.5 mu g mL(-1) for CuPc (5) and InClPc (3), respectively

Carcass and meat quality characteristics of lambs reared in different seasons

Thirty-six Kivircik male lambs were used to determine the effects of rearing season (winter rearing - WR; spring-summer rearing - SSR; and autumn rearing - AR) on carcass and meat quality characteristics. Average daily gain in the period 0-134 days, final weight, cold carcass weight and real dressing percentage were higher in WR lambs than lambs from SSR and AR groups. Furthermore, SSR and AR lambs did not show significant differences for these traits (P > 0.05). WR lambs had the highest values in terms of back fat thickness, subjective carcass fatness score and fat percentage in pelvic limb, which gives information about the carcass fatness. Final meat pH, expressed juice and meat lightness 1 h after cutting were higher for SSR lambs than for WR and AR lambs. SSR lambs had the lowest scores in terms of flavour intensity, flavour quality and overall acceptability in the sensory evaluation panel. In conclusion, WR lambs yielded better carcass quality than SSR and AR lambs. When the rearing season is to be decided, the higher carcass quality of WR lambs and the lesser appreciation of meat of SSR lambs by consumers should be considered