Hidden Markov model analysis reveals the advantage of analytic eye movement patterns in face recognition across cultures

miRNA profiles of the RA patients with ILD. Average values of each group are shown. Standard deviations are shown in parenthesis. Difference were tested between bDMARDs(+) and bDMARDs(−) by Mann-Whitney’s U test. RA: rheumatoid arthritis, ILD(+)RA: ILD positive RA. (DOCX 15 kb

Additional file 6: Table S5. of Plasma miRNA expression profiles in rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease

miRNA profiles of the RA patients with ILD. Average values of each group are shown. Standard deviations are shown in parenthesis. Difference were tested between bDMARDs(+) and bDMARDs(−) by Mann-Whitney’s U test. RA: rheumatoid arthritis, ILD(+)RA: ILD positive RA. (DOCX 15 kb

Additional file 5: Table S4. of Plasma miRNA expression profiles in rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease

miRNA profiles of the RA patients with ILD. Average values of each group are shown. Standard deviations are shown in parenthesis. Difference were tested between DAS28 < 4.0 and DAS28 ≧ 4.0 by Mann-Whitney’s U test. RA: rheumatoid arthritis, ILD(+)RA: ILD positive RA. (DOCX 15 kb

Biomarker for nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Anti-glycopeptidolipid core antigen immunoglobulin A antibodies

<p><b>Objective:</b> Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pulmonary disease is occasionally associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), influencing the therapeutic strategy of RA. Since chronic lung diseases are frequently associated with RA, the diagnosis of NTM pulmonary disease is quite difficult in RA patients. Recently, a serological diagnostic test detecting serum immunoglobulin A against the glycopeptidolipid (GPL) core antigen was developed. We investigated the serum levels of anti-GPL antibodies in RA patients to determine the usefulness for detecting NTM pulmonary disease.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> Anti-GPL antibodies were detected in the sera from RA patients with or without NTM pulmonary disease.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> The positivity of anti-GPL antibodies in RA patients with NTM pulmonary disease was higher than in RA without (<i>p</i> = 1.76 × 10⁻¹⁴, odds ratio 70.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 22.28–221.83). Anti-GPL Ab titers were increased in RA with NTM pulmonary disease (mean titer ± standard deviation [U/ml], RA with NTM pulmonary disease: 4.1 ± 7.0, RA without NTM pulmonary disease: 0.4 ± 1.6, <i>p</i> = 1.51 × 10⁻¹⁰). The area under the curve (AUC) value of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for anti-GPL antibodies was 0.917 (95%CI 0.860–0.974, <i>p</i> = 3.32 × 10⁻⁴⁷).</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Serum anti-GPL antibodies are useful for detecting NTM pulmonary disease in RA patients.</p

Protective Effect of the <i>HLA-DRB1*13:02</i> Allele in Japanese Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

<div><p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease. Certain <i>HLA-DRB1</i> “shared-epitope” alleles are reported to be positively associated with increased RA susceptibility, whereas some of the other alleles may be negatively associated. However, studies on the latter are rare. Here, we focus on the protective effects of <i>DRB1</i> alleles in Japanese RA patients in an association study. Relative predispositional effects (RPE) were analyzed by sequential elimination of carriers of each allele with the strongest association. The protective effects of <i>DRB1</i> alleles were investigated in patients stratified according to whether they possessed anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA). The <i>DRB1*13:02</i> allele was found to be negatively associated with RA (<i>P</i> = 4.59×10⁻¹⁰, corrected <i>P</i> (<i>P</i>c) = 1.42×10⁻⁸, odds ratio [OR] 0.42, 95% CI 0.32–0.55, <i>P</i> [RPE] = 1.27×10⁻⁶); the genotypes <i>DRB1*04:05</i>/<i>*13:02</i> and <i>*09:01/*13:02</i> were also negatively associated with RA. The protective effect of <i>*13:02</i> was also present in ACPA-positive patients (<i>P</i> = 3.95×10⁻⁸, <i>P</i>c = 1.22×10⁻⁶, OR 0.42, 95%CI 0.31–0.58) whereas <i>*15:02</i> was negatively associated only with ACPA-negative RA (<i>P</i> = 8.87×10⁻⁵, <i>P</i>c = 0.0026, OR 0.26, 95%CI 0.12–0.56). Thus, this study identified a negative association of <i>DRB1*13:02</i> with Japanese RA; our findings support the protective role of <i>DRB1*13:02</i> in the pathogenesis of ACPA-positive RA.</p></div

HLA class II allele frequency in the RA cases without SE alleles.

<p>SE: shared epitope, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, <i>Pc</i>: corrected <i>P</i> value, NS: not significant. Allele frequencies are shown in parenthesis (%). Associations were established by Fisher’s exact test using 2×2 contingency tables.</p

<i>HLA-DPB1</i> allele frequency in the SLE patients.

<p>SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus, Ro(+)La(−): anti-Ro/SS-A-positive but anti-La/SS-B-negative, Ro(+)La(+): anti-Ro/SS-A- and anti-La/SS-B-positive, Ro(−)La(−): anti-Ro/SS-A- and anti-La/SS-B-negative SLE patients. OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, <i>Pc</i>: corrected <i>P</i> value, NS: not significant. Allele frequencies are shown in parenthesis (%). Associations were established by Fisher’s exact test using 2×2 contingency tables.</p

HLA allele frequencies in Ro(+)La(−) RA patients.

<p>RA: rheumatoid arthritis, Ro(+)La(−)RA: anti-Ro/SS-A-positive but anti-La/SS-B-negative RA, Ro(−)La(−)RA: ani-Ro/SS-A- and anti-La/SS-B-negative RA. OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, <i>P</i>c: corrected <i>P</i> value, NS: not significant. Allele frequencies are shown in parenthesis (%). Associations were established by Fisher’s exact test using 2×2 contingency tables.</p

<i>HLA-DRB1</i> allele carrier frequency in ACPA(+) and ACPA(−) RA patients and controls stratified for the presence of SE.

<p>ACPA: anti-citrullinated peptide antibody, ACPA(+): ACPA-positive, ACPA(−): ACPA-negative, RA: rheumatoid arthritis, SE: Shared epitope, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, Allele carrier frequencies are shown in parenthesis (%). Association was tested by Fisher's exact test using 2×2 contingency tables. SE negative: “<i>A</i>/<i>A</i>” or “<i>A</i>/other than SE or <i>A</i>” vs. “other than SE or <i>A</i>/other than SE or <i>A</i>”. SE positive: “SE/<i>A</i>” vs. “SE/other than <i>A</i>”. Allele groups SE, I67, D70, and S1 were as defined in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0099453#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> section.</p

<i>HLA-DRB1</i> genotype frequency in ACPA(+) and ACPA(−) RA patients and controls.

<p>ACPA: anti-citrullinated peptide antibody, ACPA(+): ACPA-positive, ACPA(−): ACPA-negative, RA: rheumatoid arthritis, SE: Shared epitope, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, Allele carrier frequencies are shown in parenthesis (%). Association was tested by Fisher's exact test using 2×2 contingency tables. Upper row: “<i>B</i>/<i>*13:02</i>” vs. “<i>B</i>/other than <i>*13:02</i>”. Lower row: “<i>B</i>/<i>*15:02</i>” vs. “<i>B</i>/other than <i>*15:02</i>”.</p