An in vitro evaluation of the effects of desensitizing agents on microleakage of Class V cavities

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a desensitizing agent on microleakage of Class V cavities. Material and Methods: 72 premolar teeth were used. There were 6 groups. Class V restorations were prepared with two different restorative materials (Equia fil, GC, America and Grandio, VOCO, Germany) and two adhesive systems (Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray, Japan and S3 Bond Plus, Kuraray, Japan) with and without desensitizing agent (Gluma Desensitizer, Heraeus Kulzer, Germany). Restorations were polished with aluminum oxide abrasive discs. Then a range of 5 - 55C thermocycling was performed 10.000 times. The microleakage of restorations was examined with dye penetration method (Basic fuchsine). Bonferroni corrections and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to determine the significance of differences in occlusal and gingival dye penetration scores between groups. Results: There was no stastistical significance between the occlusal and gingival microleakage scores within the groups were shown. Conclusions: It can be concluded that use of desensitizing agent under both high viscosity glass ionomer restorative materials and resin composites doesn’t affect the microleakage

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ И ОБОРУДОВАНИЕ ДЛЯ БЕСТРАНШЕЙНОГО РЕМОНТА ТРУБОПРОВОДОВ

The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of different polishing methods and whitening agents on surface hardness and roughness of nano-hybrid composite resin

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Turkish Landraces of <i>Cucumis melo</i> L.</span>

Cucumis melo L. from Eastern and South-eastern Anatolian regions of Turkey were characterized by using 43 morphological traits and 207 markers obtained from 31 ISSR and 16 SSR primers. The genetic relatedness was studied by examining the Euclidian/UPGMA dendrogram obtained from the combined phenotypic-molecular data. In the combined morphological-molecular dendrogram, there were two main clusters. Sweet and non-sweet melon groups were separated and the flexuosus group accessions were discriminated from the sweet ones, but the momordica group accession was clustered with the sweet ones. Unclear South-eastern Anatolian accessions were sub-clustered separately among the sweet ones. Principle component analysis (PCA) of morphological characters was used in detail to discriminate melon accessions. The cumulative proportion of variation reached 44% by first three PCA axes. The first component was mainly based on sex expression, ovary index, ovary shape, flesh thickness, seed cavity length, seed cavity width, soluble solids content, fruit shape, aroma, netting, and taste. The PCA plot based on all measured traits allowed distinction between flexuosus group, subsp.agrestis and reticulatus group. A high variation among groups was observed for the fruits characters. Netting, aroma and abscission of peduncle represent reticulatus group; a small fruit size, strong typical aroma and secondary colour distribution characterize dudaim group. Monoecy, very long fruit shape and mature fruit rind colour discriminate flexuous group; Ovary index, fruit size and flesh width distinguish subsp. agrestis group. These findings indicated wide range of variations for investigated characteristics in Turkish gene pool that provides a good source of diversity to use in melon improvement program for better yield and other traits of interest

Wastewater use in irrigation - Ankara case study

Demand for water is increasing in the world parallel to increase in population and industrialization. Thus, efforts are geared toward finding ways of utilizing the previously unused sources of water and/or recycling wastewater. Sustainability and effective use are the vital issues for these new sources of water as well as the existing ones. This study examined the possible use of treated wastewater of Ankara Wastewater Treatment Plant over agricultural areas for irrigation purposes. It focused on effective ways in which cleaned water can be used for agricultural purposes and on the economic advantages of such use. Implications for sustainable water management were also discussed

Sürdürülebilir su yönetiminde evsel kullanımın önemi

Su, yasamın en önemli temel taşlarından birisi olup sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın en önemli aktörlerindendir. 19. yüzyıldan 20. yüzyıla geçişte nüfus 3 kat artarken buna karsılık su kaynaklarına olan talebin 6 kat arttığı belirlenmiştir. Nüfus artısı, sanayi devrimi ve çarpık kentleşme ve bunlara bağlı olarak artan su tüketiminin yanında tarımsal sulamalar nedeniyle büyük bir su sarfiyatı ve de tüm bunlara bağlı olarak ta ürkütücü boyutlarda su kirliliği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu olumsuzluklara karsılık tatlı su kaynaklarını yenileyip artırmak teknik ve ekonomik açıdan mevcut şartlarda olası görünmemektedir. Sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı sağlayabilmek için ciddi önlemlere değişik pratik çözümlere ihtiyaç vardır. Bu bağlamda önemli oranda su kullanan sektörlerden birisi olan evsel kullanıcıların, kendi imkanlarıyla yapabilecekleri küçük değişiklikler neticesinde önemli oranlarda su tasarrufları sağlanabilmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında da sürdürülebilir su yönetimi kapsamında evsel kullanıcıların su tasarrufu konusunda bireysel ve toplu olarak neler yapabilecekleri açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır.</p

Tarımsal sulamalarda su tasarrufu

Su, yasamın en önemli temel taşlarından birisidir. Dünyamızın ¾’ünün sularla kaplı olmasına karsılık, bu miktarın ancak %2.6’sı tatlı sulardan oluşmaktadır. Bu miktarında büyük bölümü kutuplarda olup mevcut imkanlarla kullanılamaz durumdadır. Ülkemizin sahip olduğu su kaynakları, yer ve zaman kıstasları dikkate alındığında homojen bir yapı göstermemektedir. Bu nedenle yerel su sıkıntılarından ve krizlerden korunmak ve olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak için eldeki mevcut kaynaklar verimli şekilde kullanılmalıdır. Bunun sağlanması için hem tasarrufa önlemlerine hayata geçirmeli hem de atıksuların arıtıldıktan sonra yeniden kullanılmalarına gayret edilmelidir. Tarımsal üretimin en önemli girdisi olan su, kullanılacak yöntemlere bağlı olarak önemli oranlarda tasarrufa yada kayıplar sebep olabilmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, sürdürülebilir tarımsal üretim için önemli girdilerden biri olan suyun tasarruflu bir biçimde tarımsal üretimde nasıl kullanılabileceği üzerinde durulacaktır.</p

The Prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cryptosporidium spp. in Turkish patients infected with HIV-1

Opportunistic infections such as cryptosporidiosis and cyclosporiasis are commonly encountered in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We investigated the existence of opportunistic protozoans that significantly affect the quality of life in HIV-1 infected patients using conventional and molecular methods. The study group comprised 115 HIV-1 positive patients. In the identification of Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cryptosporidium, the formol-ether precipitation method was used and smears were evaluated in optical microscope by staining modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN). The primers and probes used for PCR were Heat shock protein 70 for C. cayetanensis and the oocysts wall protein for Cryptosporidium spp.. Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in one and two patients, respectively, by staining, whereas we detected C. cayetanensis in three patients out of 115 (2.6%) by PCR, and Cryptosporidium spp. in a further three patients (2.6%). C. cayetensis was detected in patients with CD4 counts of 64 cells/mu m, 182 cells/mu m and 287 cells/mu m, respectively. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in patients with CD4 counts of 176 cells/mu m, 241 cells/mu m and 669 cells/mu m. As conclusion, PCR method is faster and more sensitive than microscopic methods and to screen intestinal pathogens routinely in patients infected with HIV should not be neglected in developing countries like Turkey

Antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains to five antibiotics, including levofloxacin, in Northwestern Turkey

INTRODUCTION: Antibiotic resistance is the main factor that affects the efficacy of current therapeutic regimens against Helicobacter pylori. This study aimed to determine the rates of resistance to efficacy clarithromycin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, levofloxacin and metronidazole among H. pylori strains isolated from Turkish patients with dyspepsia. METHODS: H. pylori was cultured from corpus and antrum biopsies that were collected from patients with dyspeptic symptoms, and the antimicrobial susceptibility of H. pylori was determined using the E-test (clarithromycin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, metronidazole and levofloxacin) according to the EUCAST breakpoints. Point mutations in the 23S rRNA gene of clarithromycin-resistant strains were investigated using real-time PCR. RESULTS: A total of 98 H. pylori strains were isolated, all of which were susceptible to amoxicillin and tetracycline. Of these strains, 36.7% (36/98) were resistant to clarithromycin, 35.5% (34/98) were resistant to metronidazole, and 29.5% (29/98) were resistant to levofloxacin. Multiple resistance was detected in 19.3% of the isolates. The A2143G and A2144G point mutations in the 23S rRNA-encoding gene were found in all 36 (100%) of the clarithromycin-resistant strains. Additionally, the levofloxacin MIC values increased to 32 mg/L in our H. pylori strains. Finally, among the clarithromycin-resistant strains, 27.2% were resistant to levofloxacin, and 45.4% were resistant to metronidazole. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that treatment failure after clarithromycin- or levofloxacin-based triple therapy is not surprising and that metronidazole is not a reliable agent for the eradication of H. pylori infection in Turkey

Patterns of EPIYA motifs among cagA-positive Helicobacter pylori strains: a case-control study in a Turkish population with Eurasian geographical features

Geographical variation in the frequency of various gastroduodenal pathologies was shown to be related to the geographical diversity of H. pylori CagA Glu-Pro-lle-Tyr-Ala (EPIYA) patterns. We examined the EPIYA patterns of H. pylori and the association of EPIYA patterns with gastric cancer (GC) for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, in Turkey. The patient group (PG) contained 60 patients [38 GC and 22 duodenal ulcer (DU) patients]. The control group (CG) was 110 individuals [94 gastritis patients and 16 persons with a normal gastrointestinal system (NGIS)]. Specific primers were used for the detection of cagA including empty-site-positive and EPIYA-A, -B, -C, -D PCR. Bands of EPIYA-A, -B, -C were confirmed by DNA sequencing. One hundred and forty-two (83.5 %) strains [60 in the PG (38 GC, 22 DU), 82 in the CG (72 gastritis, 10 NGIS)] were positive for the cagA gene. EPIYA-C with multiple repeats was detected in 34 (23.9 %) strains, and 22 (64.7 %) were from GC patients. EPIYA-C with one repeat was detected in 89 (62.7 %) strains, and 54 (60.7 %) were from gastritis patients. EPIYT was detected in 10 strains, and EPIYA-D was not detected. The number of EPIYA-C with multiple repeats was significantly higher for the PG than for the CG (P<0.0001). In GC patients, the number of EPIYA-C with multiple repeats was significantly higher than one repeat (P<0.0001). In conclusion, our study showed that multiple EPIYA-C repeats increases the GC risk by 30.6-fold and the DU risk by 8.9-fold versus the CG. This indicates that Western-type H. pylori strains in Turkey have similar EPIYA motifs to those of neighbouring countries and Western populations