Short term effects of prescribed fire on soil microbial biomass of black pine forests

In this study, we were examined of changes microbial carbon (MBC) and microbial Nitrogen (MBN) after one month controlled fire. The study area consist of sloping and flat areas, high and low intensity of burnt areas and control areas (unburned) including (flat low intensity: FLI, flat high intensity: FHI, smooth low intensity: SLI, smooth high intensity: SHI and 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm depth soil). In terms of microbial carbon on the upper soil in the flat high intensity and upper and lower soil in the smooth high intensity, there was a significant differences between burning and unburning area. Also, microbial carbon has been reduced approximately 50 % in the burning area. İn terms of microbial nitrogen has been found a significant reduction between upper and lower soil in the smooth low intensity area. However, we found a significant increase in the lower soil on smooth high intensity area. With regard to microbial carbon were found a significant differences between the intensity of the effect of low and high fire in burning areas. There were a significant relationship between microbial carbon and microbial nitrogen and also organic matter. Microbial carbon was also found a positive correlation with Ph (?<0,05). As a result, in the short term of fire reducing of microbial biomass on the top soil (0-5 cm). In addition, microbial nitrogen was increased and microbial carbon was reduced after fire. Additionaly, after fire microbial nitrogen was increasing in the lower soil and microbial biomass may decrease the usability of the organic karbon

Forest fire influence on microbial biomass of forest soils: a review

Microbial biomass is one of the important companent of the C and N cycling in soil. It directly affects soil biological activity. Being a storage medium for C and N, microbial biomass, interacts many biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Forest fires affect soil microbial biomass as other soil properties do. In this study, a general evaluation was made on the effects of forest fire on soil microbial biomass. In general, the effect of forest fire on soil microbial biomass is negative. Both natural and prescribed fires affect soil microbial carbon but the magnitude of the effect is larger in natural fires. This effect could be negative or positive in short term, but in long term the effect is mainly negative. The fire effected upper soil is generally adversly affected while the deeper soil is affected positively. Fire effect on microbial biomass should be evaluated considering climate and the other ecosystem companents all together

Change of soil respiration among different vegetations- results by the year of 2012

In this study, the influence of species type and sampling time on soil respiration in young and old oriental spruce (Picea orientalis (L.) Link.) stands without understory and with a Rhododendron ponticum L. understory and in adjacent grasslands were investigated in Kafkasör region, Artvin, Turkey. For this porpose, three sampling areas were choosen from each vegetation types. Soil respiration was measured at 12 trial courts approximately monthly from May’12 to November’12 using the soda-lime technique. Mean daily soil respiration across all sites ranged from 0,08 to 6,64 g C m-2 d-1. Generally mean soil respiration was higher than others at grasslands and was lower than the others at spruce with a Rhododendron ponticum L. understory. Changes in soil respiration were strongly related to soil temperature, soil moisture and sampling time changes. Overall, grasslands had significantly higher soil respiration rates than did adjacent old forests, indicating greater biological activity within the grasslands

A Structurally Flexible Halide Solid Electrolyte with High Ionic Conductivity and Air Processability

In this work, a structurally revivable, chloride-ion conducting solid electrolyte (SE), CsSn$_{0.9}$In$_{0.067}$Cl$_3$, with a high ionic conductivity of 3.45 × 10$^{−4}$ S cm$^{−1}$ at 25 °C is investigated. The impedance spectroscopy, density functional theory, solid-state $^{35}$Cl NMR, and electron paramagnetic resonance studies collectively reveal that the high Cl$^−$ ionic mobility originates in the flexibility of the structural building blocks, Sn/InCl$_6$ octahedra. The vacancy-dominated Cl$^−$ ion diffusion encompasses co-ordinated Sn/In(Cl) site displacements that depend on the exact stoichiometry, and are accompanied by changes in the local magnetic moments. Owing to these promising properties, the suitability of the CsSn$_{0.9}$In$_{0.067}$Cl$_3$, as an electrolyte is demonstrated by designing all-solid-state batteries, with different anodes and cathodes. The comparative investigation of interphases with Li, Li–In, Mg, and Ca anodes reveals different levels of reactivity and interphase formation. The CsSn$_{0.9}$In$_{0.067}$Cl$_3$ demonstrates an excellent humidity tolerance (up to 50% relative humidity) in ambient air, maintaining high structural integrity without compromises in ionic conductivity, which stands in contrast to commercial halide-based lithium conductors. The discovery of a halide perovskite conductor, with air processability and structure revival ability paves the way for the development of advanced air processable SEs, for next-generation batteries

Investigation of microbial biomass content change and determination of chemical and physical properties of soils in oriental spruce stands and adjacent grasslands in Kafkasör region, Artvin.

Bu çalışmada, Artvin-Kafkasör yöresinde 1984-2005 plan döneminde gençleştirilmiş ladin meşcerelerinde ve bitişiğindeki çayırlık alanlarda toprak özellikleri ve topraktaki mikrobiyal biyokütlede gözlenen değişimlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu özelliklerin değişimi; genç, yaşlı ve orman gülü (Rhododendron ponticum L.) kaplı ladin (Picea orientalis) meşcereleri ile çayırlık alanlarında rastgele olarak seçilen 3'er adet olmak üzere toplam 12 adet deneme alanından alınan toprak örnekleri üzerinde belirlenmiştir. Mikrobiyal biyokütlenin belirlenmesi için, 0-15 cm ve 15-30 cm derinlik kademelerinden iki mevsimde alınan toprak örnekleri ve kloroform fumigasyon-ekstraksiyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma alanlarının mikrobiyal biyokütle karbon miktarları üst toprakta; 138,06 µg g-1 ile 2318,66 µg g-1 arasında, alt toprakta 5,11 µg g-1 ile 511,80 µg g-1 arasında bulunmuş ve derinliğe bağlı azaldığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca ortalama olarak; en yüksek orman gülü kaplı yaşlı ladin meşceresinde, en düşük genç ladin meşcersinde bulunmuş ve alanlarda yazdan sonbahara hem azalma hem de artış olduğu görülmüştür. Mikrobiyal biyokütle azot miktarları; üst toprakta 82,36 µg g-1 ile 429,66 µg g-1 arasında, alt toprakta 10,45 µg g-1 ile 136,10 µg g-1 arasında bulunmuş ve derinliğe bağlı azaldığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca ortalama olarak; en yüksek çayırlık alanda, en düşük genç ladin meşcersinde bulunmuş ve ladin alanlarında yazdan sonbahara azalma, çayırlıkta artış olduğu görülmüştür. Mikrobiyal biyokütle karbonun Corg, Ctotal ve Cmic/Corg ile ve Mikrobiyal biyokütle azotun organik madde, Ntotal ve Nmic/Ntotal ile pozitif anlamlı ilişkileri bulunmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar araştırma alanında vejetasyon dönemi sonunda toprağın karbon ve azot stokunda artış olabildiğini ve organik maddenin düzeyinin stabil olduğunu ancak bunun mikroorganizmaların faaliyeti ile dönüşümü ise substrat kalitesi ve alınabilirliğine bağlı olduğunu göstermektedir.The objectives of this study were to determine changes in some soil properties and soil microbial biomass in Spruce stands regenerated during 1984-2005 planning term and in adjacent grasslands. These soil properties will be determined in 3 sampling points(total 12 points) taken from each of young spruce stands, old spruce stands, old spruce stands with a Rhododendron ponticum L. understory and grassland areas. Microbial biomass will be determined by Chloroform Fumigation-Extraction method on soil samples taken from 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil depths in summer and autumn. Microbial biomass carbon of study areas were found between 138,06 µg g-1 and 2318,66 µg g-1 in topsoil, 5,11 µg g-1 and 511,80 µg g-1 in subsoil and also decreased with depth. Besides mean values were observed highest in old spruce stand with understory and lowest in young spruce stand and either increase or decrease from summer to autumn were observed in study areas. Microbial biomass nitrogen of study areas were found between 82,36 µg g-1 and 429,66 µg g-1 in topsoil, 10,45 µg g-1 and 136,10 µg g-1 in subsoil and also decreased with depth. Besides mean values were observed highest in grassland and lowest in young spruce stand and increase in grassland and decrease in all spruce stands were observed from summer to autumn. Positive correlations between microbial biomass carbon with Corg, Ctotal and Cmic/Corg and between microbial biomass nitrogen with organic matter, Ntotal and Nmic/Ntotal were observed. The results obtained showed that carbon and nitrogen reserve may increase during the vegetation period and organic matter has a stability but converse of these by microorganisms activity is related to substrat quality and availablity in soils of study area

Determination of root and microorganism components of soil respiration in beech and spruce stands in Artvin area

YÖK Tez No: 654224Toprak solunumu, karasal ekosistemlerden çıkan karbon için ana yoldur ve karbonu alıkoyan bitki metabolizmasının ototrofik süreci ile toprak sıcaklık veya nemine tepki vererek organik substratları işleyen heterotrofik bir sürecin sonucudur. Bu çalışmanın amacı Doğu kayını ve Doğu ladini meşcerelerinde; toprak solunumunu ve bunun kök ve mikroorganizma bileşenlerini belirlemek; biyojeokimyasal ve çevresel faktörler ile solunumun ilişkisini incelemektir. Bu amaçla, Artvin Saçinka mevkiinde bulunan kayın meşcerelerinde ve Kafkasör mevkiinde bulunan ladin meşcerelerinde; solunum bileşenlerini ayırmak için 2017 yılı yazında hendek açma uygulaması yapılmıştır. Uygulamadan sonra 6 ay geçince ölçümlere başlanılmış ve 2018 yılında Nisan'dan Kasım'a kadar aylık toprak solunumu, sıcaklığı ve nemi ölçümleri, mevsimsel toprak (0-10 cm) ve kök (0-30 cm) örneklemesi, 2019 yılında ise sadece solunum, sıcaklık, nem ölçümleri ile kök örneklemesi yapılmıştır. Alınan toprak örneklerinde tekstür, toprak reaksiyonu, organik madde, mineral azot, mikrobiyal biyokütle, toplam karbon ve azot, mikrobiyal bazal solunum analizleri yapılmıştır. Topraktan karbon salınımı değerleri çalışma genelinde 0,38 – 7,56 µ mol m-2 s-1 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Toplam toprak solunumuna kök ve mikroorganizma bileşenlerinin ortalama katkısı kayın sahasında ilk yılda sırasıyla % 57,6 ve % 42,4 ve ikinci yılda sırasıyla % 60,05 ve % 39,95 olarak bulunmuştur. Ladin sahasında ise ilk yılda yine sırasıyla % 41,7 ve % 58,3 ve ikinci yılda sırasıyla % 49,96 ve % 50,04 olarak bulunmuştur. Toprak solunumunun toprak sıcaklığı ve mineral azot ile oldukça kuvvetli pozitif korelasyonları bulunmuştur. Toprak sıcaklığı, toprak nemi ve diğer fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik toprak özellikleri, anlamlı olarak toprak solunumundaki değişimin büyük (%60-70) kısmını açıklamıştır. Sonuç olarak, toprak solunumu ve bileşenleri türe ve mevsimlere göre değişmiştir ve bunların toprak sıcaklığı yanı sıra topraktaki biyolojik ve kimyasal faktörler ile ilişkili olduğu söylenebilir.Soil respiration is the major pathway for carbon from terrestrial ecosystems and is the result of a heterotrophic process that handles organic substrates by reacting to soil temperature or moisture together with an autotrophic process of plant metabolism that sequestrates carbon. The aim of this study is to determine soil respiration and its root and microorganism components and to examine the relationship between biogeochemical and environmental factors and respiration in Oriental beech and Oriental spruce stands. For this purpose, in beech stands in Saçinka region and spruce stands in Kafkasör region in Artvin; trenching was carried out in order to separate respiration components in summer of 2017. Measurements started 6 months after from trenching. Monthly soil respiration, temperature and moisture measurements, seasonal soil (0-10 cm) and root (0-30 cm) sampling were done, from April to November 2018, and only respiration, temperature and moisture measurements and root sampling were done in 2019. Texture, soil reaction, organic matter, mineral nitrogen, microbial biomass, total carbon and nitrogen, microbial basal respiration analyzes were performed in the collected soil samples. The values of carbon emission from the soil varied between 0.38 - 7.56 µ mol m-2 s-1 across the study. The average contribution of root and microorganism components to total soil respiration were found to be 57.6% and 42.4%, respectively in the first year and 60.05% and 39.95%, respectively in the second year, for the beech field. For the spruce field, they were found 41.7% and 58.3%, respectively in the first year and 49.96% and 50.04%, respectively in the second year. Very strong positive correlations of soil respiration with soil temperature and mineral nitrogen were found. Soil temperature, soil moisture, and other bio-physical-chemical soil properties significantly explained the major (60-70%) change in soil respiration. As a result, soil respiration and its components varied by species and seasons, and it can be said that they were related to soil temperature as well as bio-chemical factors in the soil

Contribution of the Root Component to Soil Respiration in Oriental Beech Stands in Artvin, Turkey

Autotrophic (root) and heterotrophic respiration components respond differently to environmental variables, and each component behaves differently at different time scales, so it is necessary to partition total soil respiration into its components. The aims of this study were determine soil respiration and its root and heterotrophic components in beech stands, examine the relationship between respiration and biogeochemical factors, and assess seasonal variation in soil respiration. Trenching was applied to separate soil respiration components 6 months before measurements. Monthly soil respiration, temperature and moisture measurements, and seasonal soil and root sampling were carried out in Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) stands located in Artvin Sacinka, Turkey from April 2018 to November 2018 and also (except soil sampling) from May 2019 to November 2019. The average contribution of root respiration and heterotrophic respiration to total soil respiration were 58.8% and 41.2%, respectively. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics explained variations of soil respiration with significant models. This study indicates that soil respiration and its components are associated with biogeochemical factors as well as environmental climatic conditions, and each component of respiration responds differently to changes in them. Study Implications In this study, the trenching application in the beech stand considerably reduced carbon dioxide release. According to corrected soil respiration data by considering increased soil moisture and root decomposition, the dominant respiratory component was root respiration, whereas the contribution from root and microorganism respiratory components varied depending on the season. The mean contribution of root respiration was 58.8% and the mean contribution of heterotrophic respiration was 41.2%. Total soil respiration and its components were affected by changes in soil temperature across seasons. Species-specific biotic factors might also affect the variability in root respiration. In addition, seasonal changes in carbon and nitrogen dynamics affected respiratory components. This study showed that soil respiration and its components were affected by biogeochemical factors as well as climatic conditions, and each component of respiration responds differently to changes in these factors. Therefore, to better understand the dynamics of the carbon cycle in oriental beech stands and other forested ecosystems, similar studies need to be done