29 research outputs found

    Molecular basis of African yam domestication: Analyses of selection point to root development, starch biosynthesis, and photosynthesis related genes

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    Background: After cereals, root and tuber crops are the main source of starch in the human diet. Starch biosynthesis was certainly a significant target for selection during the domestication of these crops. But domestication of these root and tubers crops is also associated with gigantism of storage organs and changes of habitat. Results: We studied here, the molecular basis of domestication in African yam, Dioscorea rotundata. The genomic diversity in the cultivated species is roughly 30% less important than its wild relatives. Two percent of all the genes studied showed evidences of selection. Two genes associated with the earliest stages of starch biosynthesis and storage, the sucrose synthase 4 and the sucrose-phosphate synthase 1 showed evidence of selection. An adventitious root development gene, a SCARECROW-LIKE gene was also selected during yam domestication. Significant selection for genes associated with photosynthesis and phototropism were associated with wild to cultivated change of habitat. If the wild species grow as vines in the shade of their tree tutors, cultivated yam grows in full light in open fields. Conclusions: Major rewiring of aerial development and adaptation for efficient photosynthesis in full light characterized yam domestication. (Résumé d'auteur

    Study of the domestication and adaptation of yams (Dioscorea spp) in Africa using genomic approaches

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    L’igname (Dioscorea spp) est un aliment de base de plus de 100 millions de personnes en Afrique. L’objectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait d'Ă©tudier la diversitĂ© gĂ©nomique de l'igname, comprendre les bases gĂ©nĂ©tiques de sa domestication, et d'Ă©tudier son adaptation Ă  diffĂ©rentes zones climatiques. L’étude du processus de domestication de l’igname a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e par une approche de gĂ©nomique comparĂ©e entre l’espĂšce cultivĂ©e D. rotundata et deux espĂšces sauvages apparentĂ©es D. praehensilis et D. abyssinica, en utilisant des donnĂ©es de sĂ©quençage NGS gĂ©nomique. Nous avons mis en Ă©vidence des sĂ©lections fortes de gĂšnes de la voie de biosynthĂšse de l’amidon. Des gĂšnes impliquĂ©s dans la morphologie des tubercules ou l’aptitude au phototropisme, ainsi que des gĂšnes du complexe NADH deshydrogenase ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s comme sĂ©lectionnĂ©s durant la domestication. Ce mĂȘme complexe NADH-DH a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ© lors de la recherche de gĂšnes associĂ©s Ă  la distribution d’une collection d’ignames selon la variabilitĂ© climatique. Nous avons aussi crĂ©Ă© la premiĂšre banque de novo d’élĂ©ments transposables (ET) de l’igname. L’étude que nous avons menĂ©e sur les Ă©lĂ©ments rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©s (ER) du gĂ©nome de l’igname nous a permis d’identifier une forte corrĂ©lation entre la variabilitĂ© des abondances relatives d’un grand nombre d’ERs et la variabilitĂ© climatique. Enfin, nous avons pu proposer une hypothĂšse quant Ă  l’origine de l’igname cultivĂ©e D. rotundata. La domestication de l'igname dĂ©riverait de l'espĂšce infĂ©odĂ©e au milieu forestier, D. praehensilis. Ces rĂ©sultats remettent en cause l’hypothĂšse d’une origine stricte en zone de savane pour les espĂšces cultivĂ©es et l’agriculture en Afrique de l'Ouest.Yam (Dioscorea spp) is a major staple for more than 100 million people in Africa. The main objectives of the present PhD project were to study yam genomic diversity, its domestication, and to characterize the genomic determinism of its adaptation to different climatic zones. We investigated the genetic basis of yam domestication in a comparative genomic approach between the cultivated species D. rotundata and two wild close relatives D. praehensilis and D. abyssinica, by exploiting NGS sequencing data. We demonstrated that genes from the starch biosynthesis were selected during yam domestication. Genes related to tuber morphology or phototropism ability, as well as genes of the NADH dehydrogenase complex were also under selection. The same NADH-DH complex was also identified when assessing adaptation to climate variability. We also created the first de novo database of yam transposable elements (TEs). The study we performed on these repeat elements (REs) highlighted a strong correlation between the variability in relative abundances of numerous REs and climatic variability. Finally, we were able to propose an hypothesis on the origin of the cultivated yam D. rotundata. Our hypothesis identifies the origin of yam in the forest areas, with the species D. praehensilis as the putative progenitor. Our results question the generally admitted hypothesis of savannah origins for crops and agriculture in Africa

    Etude de la domestication et de l’adaptation de l’igname (Dioscorea spp) en Afrique par des approches gĂ©nomiques

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    Yam (Dioscorea spp) is a major staple for more than 100 million people in Africa. The main objectives of the present PhD project were to study yam genomic diversity, its domestication, and to characterize the genomic determinism of its adaptation to different climatic zones. We investigated the genetic basis of yam domestication in a comparative genomic approach between the cultivated species D. rotundata and two wild close relatives D. praehensilis and D. abyssinica, by exploiting NGS sequencing data. We demonstrated that genes from the starch biosynthesis were selected during yam domestication. Genes related to tuber morphology or phototropism ability, as well as genes of the NADH dehydrogenase complex were also under selection. The same NADH-DH complex was also identified when assessing adaptation to climate variability. We also created the first de novo database of yam transposable elements (TEs). The study we performed on these repeat elements (REs) highlighted a strong correlation between the variability in relative abundances of numerous REs and climatic variability. Finally, we were able to propose an hypothesis on the origin of the cultivated yam D. rotundata. Our hypothesis identifies the origin of yam in the forest areas, with the species D. praehensilis as the putative progenitor. Our results question the generally admitted hypothesis of savannah origins for crops and agriculture in Africa.L’igname (Dioscorea spp) est un aliment de base de plus de 100 millions de personnes en Afrique. L’objectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait d'Ă©tudier la diversitĂ© gĂ©nomique de l'igname, comprendre les bases gĂ©nĂ©tiques de sa domestication, et d'Ă©tudier son adaptation Ă  diffĂ©rentes zones climatiques. L’étude du processus de domestication de l’igname a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e par une approche de gĂ©nomique comparĂ©e entre l’espĂšce cultivĂ©e D. rotundata et deux espĂšces sauvages apparentĂ©es D. praehensilis et D. abyssinica, en utilisant des donnĂ©es de sĂ©quençage NGS gĂ©nomique. Nous avons mis en Ă©vidence des sĂ©lections fortes de gĂšnes de la voie de biosynthĂšse de l’amidon. Des gĂšnes impliquĂ©s dans la morphologie des tubercules ou l’aptitude au phototropisme, ainsi que des gĂšnes du complexe NADH deshydrogenase ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s comme sĂ©lectionnĂ©s durant la domestication. Ce mĂȘme complexe NADH-DH a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ© lors de la recherche de gĂšnes associĂ©s Ă  la distribution d’une collection d’ignames selon la variabilitĂ© climatique. Nous avons aussi crĂ©Ă© la premiĂšre banque de novo d’élĂ©ments transposables (ET) de l’igname. L’étude que nous avons menĂ©e sur les Ă©lĂ©ments rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©s (ER) du gĂ©nome de l’igname nous a permis d’identifier une forte corrĂ©lation entre la variabilitĂ© des abondances relatives d’un grand nombre d’ERs et la variabilitĂ© climatique. Enfin, nous avons pu proposer une hypothĂšse quant Ă  l’origine de l’igname cultivĂ©e D. rotundata. La domestication de l'igname dĂ©riverait de l'espĂšce infĂ©odĂ©e au milieu forestier, D. praehensilis. Ces rĂ©sultats remettent en cause l’hypothĂšse d’une origine stricte en zone de savane pour les espĂšces cultivĂ©es et l’agriculture en Afrique de l'Ouest

    Truecasing For The Portage System

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    This paper presents a truecasing technique - that is, a technique for restoring the normal case form to an all lowercased or partially cased text. The technique uses a combination of statistical components, including an N-gram language model, a case mapping model, and a specialized language model for unknown words. The system is also capable of distinguishing between \u201ctitle\u201d and \u201cnon-title\u201d lines, and can apply different statistical models to each type of line. The system was trained on the data taken from the English portion of the Canadian parliamentary Hansard corpus and on some English-language texts taken from a corpus of China-related stories; it was tested on a separate set of texts from the China-related corpus. The system achieved 96% case accuracy when the China-related test corpus had been completely lowercased; this represents 80% relative error rate reduction over the unigram baseline technique. Subsequently, our technique was implemented as a module called Portage-Truecasing inside a machine translation system called Portage, and its effect on the overall performance of Portage was tested. In this paper, we explore the truecasing concept, and then we explain the models used.Cet article pr\ue9sente une technique de truecasing - c'est-\ue0-dire une technique qui permet de r\ue9tablir la forme de la casse normale d'un texte enti\ue8rement ou partiellement en minuscules. Cette technique emploie une combinaison de composantes statistiques, notamment un mod\ue8le du langage N-gram, un mod\ue8le d'affectation de la casse, et un mod\ue8le de langage sp\ue9cialis\ue9 pour les mots inconnus. Ce syst\ue8me est \ue9galement en mesure de distinguer entre les lignes \uab titre \ubb et \uab non-titre \ubb, et il peut appliquer diff\ue9rents mod\ue8les statistiques \ue0 chaque type de ligne. L'apprentissage du syst\ue8me a \ue9t\ue9 r\ue9alis\ue9 sur des donn\ue9es tir\ue9es de la partie anglaise du corpus du Hansard du Parlement canadien, et de certains textes en langue anglaise provenant d'un corpus de nouvelles concernant la Chine; il a \ue9t\ue9 test\ue9 sur un ensemble distinct de textes du corpus chinois. Le syst\ue8me a permis d'obtenir une pr\ue9cision de l'ordre de 96 % une fois le corpus de textes chinois compl\ue8tement transform\ue9 en minuscules; ceci repr\ue9sente une r\ue9duction relative de 80 % du taux d'erreur par rapport \ue0 la technique de r\ue9f\ue9rence de l'unigramme. Par la suite, nous avons mis en \u153uvre notre technique sous la forme d'un module appel\ue9 Portage Truecasing dans un syst\ue8me de traduction automatique appel\ue9 Portage, et nous avons test\ue9 son effet sur les performances g\ue9n\ue9rales de Portage. Dans cet article, nous explorons le concept de truecasing, puis expliquons les mod\ue8les utilis\ue9s.NRC publication: Ye

    Retrotranspositional landscape of Asian rice revealed by 3000 genomes

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    International audienceThe recent release of genomic sequences for 3000 rice varieties provides access to the genetic diversity at species level for this crop. We take advantage of this resource to unravel some features of the retrotranspositional landscape of rice. We develop software TRACK-POSON specifically for the detection of transposable elements insertion polymorphisms (TIPs) from large datasets. We apply this tool to 32 families of retrotransposons and identify more than 50,000 TIPs in the 3000 rice genomes. Most polymorphisms are found at very low frequency, suggesting that they may have occurred recently in agro. A genome-wide association study shows that these activations in rice may be triggered by external stimuli, rather than by the alteration of genetic factors involved in transposable element silencing pathways. Finally, the TIPs dataset is used to trace the origin of rice domestication. Our results suggest that rice originated from three distinct domestication events

    Portage: A Phrase-based Machine Translation System

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    This paper describes the participation of the Portage team at NRC Canada in the shared task of ACL 2005 Workshop on Building and Using Parallel Texts. We discuss Portage, a statistical phrase-based machine translation system, and present experimental results on the four language pairs of the shared task. First, we focus on the French-English task using multiple resources and techniques. Then we describe our contribution on the Finnish-English, Spanish-English and German-English language pairs using the provided data for the shared task.Ce document d\ue9crit la participation de l'\ue9quipe de Portage du CNRC \ue0 la t\ue2che partag\ue9e 1 de l'atelier ACL 2005 sur la construction et l'utilisation de textes parall\ue8les. Nous discutons de Portage, un syst\ue8me de traduction automatique statistique bas\ue9 sur les syntagmes, et pr\ue9sentons les r\ue9sultats d'exp\ue9riences sur les quatre paires linguistiques de la t\ue2che partag\ue9e. Premi\ue8rement, nous abordons la t\ue2che de traduction fran\ue7ais-anglais au moyen de multiples ressources et techniques. Puis, nous d\ue9crivons notre contribution au titre des paires linguistiques finnois-anglais, espagnol-anglais et allemand-anglais en utilisant des donn\ue9es fournies pour la t\ue2che partag\ue9e.NRC publication: Ye

    Ecological origins of the African cultivated yam Dioscorea rotundata: a study from Benin in West Africa

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    Ecological origins of the African cultivated yam Dioscorea rotundata: a study from Benin in West Africa. PhD Days Université Paris-Su

    Evidence of genomic regions under adaptive selection in Yam (Dioscorea spp)

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    Prix du meilleur poster Jeunes Chercheurs décerné par la Société Française de GénétiqueEvidence of genomic regions under adaptive selection in Yam (Dioscorea spp). DynaGeV 201
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