Redes sociais e crowdsourcing constitucional: a influência da ciberdemocracia sobre a gênese e a interpretação de normas constitucionais

O trabalho explora perspectivas acerca da influência da interação humana nas redes sociais sobre a construção da ordem constitucional, seja em relação à produção de textos normativos, seja em relação à interpretação das disposições constitucionais vigentes. O objetivo da pesquisa é aferir a influência do uso das redes sociais sobre o poder constituinte e a hermenêutica constitucional, com o emprego de pesquisa bibliográfica, nacional e estrangeira, com o aporte de produções teóricas extrajurídicas. As conclusões do estudo sinalizam expressivo potencial participativo popular, em ordem a incrementar o suporte democrático da ordem constitucional

Εφαρμογές των ΣμηΕΑ στο σχεδιασμό και τη μοντελοποίηση λατομείων μαρμάρου

Η εξόρυξη και αξιοποίηση του μαρμάρου είναι διαδικασίες που έχουν απασχολήσει τον άνθρωπο για χιλιάδες χρόνια. Στην σημερινή εποχή οι σύγχρονες επιχειρήσεις ανταγωνίζονται μεταξύ τους με την χρήση καινούριων και καινοτόμων μεθόδων εξόρυξης και επεξεργασίας με σκοπό την διεκδίκηση του μεγαλύτερου μεριδίου της αγοράς και την επίτευξη του μεγαλύτερου δυνατού κέρδους. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εφαρμόζεται μία καινούρια μοντελοποίησης λατομείου που συμβάλει στην ακριβέστερη τεκτονική ανάλυση των ασυνεχειών του κοιτάσματος μαρμάρου με σκοπό την σωστή οργάνωση και σχεδιασμό του λατομικού χώρου αλλά και την βέλτιστη αξιοποίηση του κοιτάσματος. Η μέθοδος αυτή βασίζεται στην χρήση ΣμηΕΑ (Σύστημα μη Επανδρωμένου Αεροσκάφους) με την βοήθεια του οποίου πραγματοποιήθηκαν πτήσεις πάνω από την περιοχή ενδιαφέροντος και συλλέχθηκαν 1529 φωτογραφίες του χώρου. Στην συνέχεια οι φωτογραφίες αυτές εισήχθησαν σε κατάλληλο λογισμικό φωτογραμμετρίας (Pix4D) με το οποίο παράχθηκε το τρισδιάστατο ψηφιακό μοντέλο του λατομικού χώρου καθώς και άλλα βοηθητικά αρχεία όπως το ψηφιακό μοντέλο αναγλύφου (DSM), το ορθομωσαϊκό και ψηφιακό υψομετρικό μοντέλο (DEM) τα οποία συνέβαλαν και αυτά στο επόμενο στάδιο της μεθόδου που αφορά την επεξεργασία. Κατά την επεξεργασία πραγματοποίηθηκε η ψηφιοποίηση των εμφανών τεκτονικών στοιχείων πάνω στο τρισδιάστατο μοντέλο. Τα ίχνη των τεκτονικών ασυνεχειών στην επιφάνεια του αναγλύφου ψηφιοποιήθηκαν ως γραμμικά στοιχεία ενώ στα σημεία που το ίχνος μια τεκτονικής ασυνέχειας όριζε ένα επίπεδο γινόταν η ψηφιοποίησή του ως επιφάνεια. Συνολικά ψηφιοποιήθηκαν 344 γραμμικά στοιχεία ενώ η ψηφιοποίηση των επιφανειών πραγματοποιήθηκε δύο φορές. Την πρώτη φορά έγινε ψηφιοποίηση όλων των εμφανών επιφανειών (163 επιφάνειες) ανεξαρτήτου μεγέθους, εντός αλλά και τριγύρω του χώρου εξόρυξης με σκοπό την στατιστική ανάλυση των τεκτονικών στοιχείων της περιοχής, ενώ την δεύτερη φορά έγινε ψηφιοποίηση των κύριων ασυνεχειών μεγάλης έκτασης (37 επιφάνειες) οι οποίες διέρχονταν από τον χώρο εξόρυξης με σκοπό την επεξεργασία τους σε από τους μελετητές του έργου. Για την εύρεση των στοιχείων των επιφανειών που ψηφιοποιήθηκαν χρησιμοποίηθηκε το λογισμικό ArcMap στο οποίο εισήχθησαν οι επιφάνειες ως αρχεία shapefile (.shp) και μετά από περαιτέρω επεξεργασία μετρήθηκαν οι τιμές κλίσης και φοράς μέγιστης κλίσης για τις 163 επιφάνειες, ενώ για τις 37 κύριες ασυνέχειες χρειάστηκε επιπλέον να βρεθούν και οι χωρικές συντεταγμένες x,y και z ενός σημείου της επιφάνειας τους για την σωστή τοποθέτησή τους στον χώρο. Αφού τα τεκτονικά στοιχεία των 163 επιφανειών καταγραφηκαν σε ένα αρχείο τύπου Excel εισήχθησαν μαζί με τα γραμμικά στοιχεία στο λογισμικό RockWorks στο οποίο παράχθηκαν τα ανάλογα ροδογράμματα και οι στερεογραφικές προβολές των τεκτονικών στοιχείων της περιοχής δίνοντάς έτσι τις κύριες οικογένειες ασυνεχειών. Τέλος, βάσει των οικογενειών αυτών και με την βοήθεια του λογισμικού UnWedge έγινε μελέτη κινηματικής ανάλυσης σφηνών που υπήρχε περίπτωση να δημιουργηθούν στις υπόγειες στοές εκμετάλλευσης αλλά και μελέτη ευστάθειας πρανών του λατομείου χρησιμοποιώντας το λογισμικό Swedge. Με βάση αυτήν την ελαχίστου κόστους μέθοδο ανάλυσης παρήχθησαν αποτελέσματα τα οποία ήταν πολύ μεγαλύτερης ακριβείας από αυτά των αρχικών μελετών που είχαν γίνει στην περιοχή και συνέβαλαν άμεσα στον σχεδιασμό του λατομείου αφού βάσει αυτών η εταιρία εκμετάλλευσης άλλαξε τον προσανατολισμό των υπόγειων στοών κατά 6 μοίρες δεξιόστροφα για την βέλτιστη εξόρυξη του κοιτάσματος. Το λατομείο που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την εφαρμογή της μεθόδου βρίσκεται στο Φαλακρό Όρος της Ανατολικής Μακεδονίας, Βορειοδυτικά της πόλης της Δράμας, από το οποίο εξορύσσεται το δολομιτικό μάρμαρο του όρους.Marble mining and exploitation are processes that have occupied mankind for thousands of years. Nowadays, modern mining companies compete with each other by using new and innovative methods of extraction and processing in order to claim the largest market share and achieve the highest possible profit. In the present thesis, a new method of quarry modeling is applied and described, which contributes to accurate tectonic analysis of the discontinuities of the marble deposit in order to properly design and organize the quarry layout in order to achieve optimal utilization of the deposit. This method is based on the use of a UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) with the help of which flights were made over the area of interest and 1529 photos of the site were taken. These photos were then imported into a photogrammetry software (Pix4D) that generated a 3D digital model of the quarry, as well as other auxiliary files such as the digital surface model (DSM), the orthomossaic and the digital elevation model (DEM), which also contributed to the next stage which was the processing stage. During the processing stage, the digitization of the visable tectonic elements onto the three-dimensional model took place. The traces of the tectonic discontinuities on the surface of the relief were digitized as linear elements, while in the places where the trace of a tectonic discontinuity defined a plane, it was digitized as a surface. A total of 344 linear elements were digitized while the digitization of the surfaces was performed in two stages. During the first stage, all the visible surfaces (163 surfaces) were digitized, regardless of their size, throughout and around the mining area for the purpose of statistical analysis of the tectonic elements in the area, while during the second stage the main large-scale discontinuities that passed through the mining site were digitized (37 surfaces), in order to be processed into CAD software by engineers working on the project. For the purpose of finding the tectonic data of the digitized surfaces, the software ArcMap was used in which the surfaces were imported as shapefile (.shp) files and after further processing, the dip and dip direction values were measured for the 163 surfaces, while for the other 37 large scale discontinuities it was also necessary to find the spatial coordinates x, y and z of a point on their surface for their correct placement in space. After the tectonic data of the 163 surfaces were recorded in an Excel file, they were imported in addition with the linear elements in the software RockWorks, from which the rose diagrams and stereographic projections of the tectonic elements of the area were produced, thus pointing out the main discontinuity groups. Finally, based on these groups and with the help of the software UnWedge, a kinematic wedge analysis was carried out, as well as a study of slope stability throughout the quarry using the software Swedge. Based on this low-cost method of analysis, the results that were produced were much more accurate than those of the initial studies conducted in the area, and contributed directly to the design of the quarry since the exploitation company, based on these results, changed the orientation of the underground tunnels by 6 degrees clockwise for optimal extraction of the deposit. The quarry used for the application of the method is located on Falakro Mountain in East Macedonia, Northwest of the city of Drama, from which the dolomite marble of Mount Falakro is mined

Enhanced activity of multiple TRIC-B channels : an endoplasmic reticulum/sarcoplasmic reticulum mechanism to boost counterion currents

The trimeric intracellular cation channels, TRIC-A and TRIC-B, represent two subtypes of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) K+-channel but their individual functional roles are unknown. We therefore compared the biophysical properties of SR K+-channels derived from the skeletal muscle of wild-type (WT) or Tric-a knockout (KO) mice. Because TRIC-A is the major TRIC-subtype in skeletal muscle, WT SR will predominantly contain TRIC-A channels, whereas Tric-a KO SR will only contain TRIC-B channels. When lone SR K+-channels were incorporated into bilayers, the open probability (Po) of channels from Tric-a KO mice was markedly lower than that of channels from WT mice; gating was characterized by shorter opening bursts and more frequent brief subconductance openings. However, unlike channels from WT mice, the Po of SR K+-channels from Tric-a KO mice increased as increasing channel numbers were present in the bilayer, driving the channels into long sojourns in the fully open state. When co-incorporated into bilayers, ryanodine receptor channels did not directly affect the gating of SR K+-channels, nor did the presence or absence of SR K+-channels influence ryanodine receptor activity. We suggest that because of high expression levels in striated muscle, TRIC-A produces most of the counterion flux required during excitation-contraction coupling. TRIC-B, in contrast, is sparsely expressed in most cells and, although lone TRIC-B channels exhibit low Po, the high Po levels reached by multiple TRIC-B channels may provide a compensatory mechanism to rapidly restore K+ gradients and charge differences across the SR of tissues containing few TRIC-A channels

Cooperative gating among ion-channel species in junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum

C

Εκτίμηση τρωτότητας του καρστικού υδροφόρου ορίζοντα στο κεντρικό τμήμα του οροπεδίου της Τρίπολης

Σκοπός της παρούσης διπλωματικής εργασίας ήταν ο προσδιορισμός της τρωτότητας, δηλάδη του βαθμού ευαισθησίας του υπογείου νερού έναντι ρυπαντή, του υδροφόρου ορίζοντα του κεντρικού τμήματος του οροπεδίου της Τρίπολης και συγκεκριμένα αυτού που αναπτύσσεται μέσα στα καρστικά πετρώματα της ενότητας της Τρίπολης. Επιλέχθηκε η κατάλληλη για τα δεδομένα που ήταν διαθέσιμα μέθοδος και συγκεκριμένα η εκτίμηση έγινε σύμφωνα με τη μέθοδο COP, η οποία προτείνεται από το Ευρωπαϊκό πρόγραμμα COST 620 για καρστικούς υδροφόρους ορίζοντες. Όλοι οι χάρτες που ήταν απαραίτητοι, δημιουργήθηκαν μέσω του προγράμματος ArcGis και γεωαναφέρθηκαν στον σύστημα συντεταγμένων Greek Grid. Το τελικό αποτέλεσμα ήταν να προκύψουν τέσσερις χάρτες, ένας για κάθε εποχή, χωρίς να παρουσιάζουν μεγάλες διαφορές μεταξύ τους, γεγονός που σημαίνει ότι η εποχική βλάστηση δεν διαδραματίζει σπουδαίο ρόλο στην μεταβολή της τρωτότητας. Στο τέλος της εργασίας εξήχθησαν κάποια συμπεράσματα σχετικά με τις περιοχές υψηλού κινδύνου και τους τρόπους πρόληψης πιθανής μόλυνσης των υπογείων υδάτων.The purpose of this paper is to estimate the vulnerability, which means the level of sensitivity of the underground water against a pollutant, of the aquifer in the central region of the Tripolis plateau, specifically the one that exists in the karstic rock layers of the Tripolis unit. The appropriate method was chosen based on the available data. The estimation was made using the COP method which is recommended by the European program COST 620 for karstic aquifers. All of the necessary maps for the completion of the method were made using the ArcGis software and were georeferenced in the Greek Grid coordinate system. The end result was the presentment of four maps, one for each season of the year, without any major differences from one another, which means that the seasonal vegetation doesn't play any major role in the variance of the vulnerability. In the end of the paper some coclusions were drawn concerning the high danger zones in the region and ways to prevent pollution of the underground water

Dampened activity of ryanodine receptor channels in mutant skeletal muscle lacking TRIC-A

The type A trimeric intracellular cation channel (TRIC-A) is a major component of the nuclear and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes of cardiac and skeletal muscle, and is localized closely with ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels in the SR terminal cisternae. The skeletal muscle of Tric-a knockout (KO) mice is characterized by Ca2+ overloaded and swollen SR and by changes in the properties of SR Ca2+ release. We therefore investigated whether RyR1 gating behaviour is modified in the SR from Tric-a KO mice by incorporating native RyR1 into planar phospholipid bilayers under voltage-clamp conditions. We find that RyR1 channels from Tric-a KO mice respond normally to cytosolic Ca2+, ATP, adenine, caffeine and to luminal Ca2+. However, the channels are more sensitive to the inactivating effects of divalent cations, thus, in the presence of Mg2+, ATP is inadequate as an activator. Additionally, channels are not characteristically activated by protein kinase A even though the phosphorylation levels of Ser2844 are similar to controls. The results of the present study suggest that TRIC-A functions as an excitatory modulator of RyR1 channels within the SR terminal cisternae. Importantly, this regulatory action of TRIC-A appears to be independent of (although additive to) any indirect consequences to RyR1 activity that arise as a result of K+ fluxes across the SR via TRIC-A

Identifikasi Karakter Siswa Menggunakan Metode K-Means (Studi Kasus Sdn 156 Pekanbaru)

Good character education can have a characteristic impact on students. each student has a different character. Various ways done by the school in character education based on kemendiknas, including State Elementary School 156 Pekanbaru. Problems that arise in the field is there is no method that can determine the character of the students so that the school's special teachers can not understand precisely the characters in the students. The lack of understanding of the character of the students makes the vision of the school mission has not been seen so that character education in SDN 156 Pekanbaru has not been right target. Therefore, it needs to be done grouping student character in SDN 156 Pekanbaru with the aim of school know character owned by students in school. The K-Means algorithm is used to classify the character of the students with the number of clusters as much as 2 using the six attributes of characters studied: Honest, disciplined, confident, caring, creative and responsible with 130 student data. The results of K-Means manual calculation with sample data 10 data from 130 data that is weak character (C1) amounted to 1 student and weak character of 9 students, this result is same with calculation executed by RapidMiner application. Test results with 130 data using RapidMiner resulted in the number of students with weak character 26 students with the average centroid (0.665) with caring and creative characters. While students who have strong character 104 students with average value of centroid (0.900) with honest character, discipline, confidence, and responsibility. The result of character grouping based on class cluster position in RapidMiner is grade 3 which has weak character (C1) 8 students from 35 students, grade 4 is 8 out of 24 students, 5th grade is 1 of 17 students and grade 6 is 9 of 46 students. While clusters with strong characters (C2) class 3 amounted to 27 students, grade 4 amounted to 24 students, class 5 amounted to 16 students, and grade 6 amounted to 37 students. From the results of this study is expected Strong characters can be developed by school continue to perform habits which involves the students so that the characters in the students can be seen while for the caring and creative characters so as not to be weak then the school always provide guidance to the students and give examples of good habits and activities that can be followed by students in school