Optimization of cultural conditions for submerged state fermentation of di-gested biogas slurry for production of lignocellulolytic enzymes using Phanaerochaete chrysosporium MTCC 787

Growing environmental concerns and increasing demands from end-use sectors have increased the glob-al market for microbial products. Optimizations of production parameters hold great importance for the industry. The present study was aimed at optimization of submerged state fermentation conditions for production of lignocelluloly-tic enzymes from digested biogas slurry by Phanaerochaete chrysosporium MTCC 787. Enzyme activities for differ-ent enzymes i.e. endoglucanase, exoglucanase, ?-glucosidase; xylanase and mannanase; laccase, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidise, using P. chrysosporium MTCC 787 were maximum at 50% concentration of digested slur-ry and showed maximum value of xylanase i.e. 187.41U/ml. Effect of temperature (25°C, 30°C and 35°C) on lignocellu-losic bioconversion showed that at 30°C, maximum value of manganese peroxidise (167.5 U/ml) was obtained. High-est enzyme activites were obtained at selected inoculum size i.e. 10?spores/ml, e.g. 85.29 U/ml xylanase was ob-tained. Incubation period of 8 days and pH of 7.0 came out to be best conditions for P. chrysosporium MTCC787 to produce maximum enzyme activity e.g. xylanase 95.47U/ml at pH 7.0 and xylanase 144.96U/ml at 8 day incu-bation.This work presents a novel concept in optimization of fermentation process to produce lignocellulolytic en-zymes as this work is focussed on utilization of digested biogas slurry as a substrate for enzyme production and enhancement of the production with microbial source, which is environment friendly

Menger convex metric spaces and fixed point theorems

Takahashi et al have shown that every decreasing sequence of nonempty, bounded, closed, convex subsets of a complete, uniformly (Takahashi's) $W-$ convex metric space has nonempty intersection. This article presents an extension of this nonempty intersection property of $W-$ convex metric space to a Menger convex metric space. We study some characteristics of the Menger convex metric spaces. Using these results, fixed point results for $(\alpha, \beta)-$ generalized hybrid mapping on Menger convex metric space are discussed. As an application, it is discussed how these results are applicable to a metrizable topological real vector space with some specific Takahashi's $W-$ convex structure on it.Comment: 17 page

On Hausdorff Metric Spaces

An {\it expansive mapping of Lipschitz type} is introduced. A map, induced by a given map $T$ between two metric spaces $X$ and $Y$, from the power set of $X$ to the power set of $Y$ is considered. It is proved that the induced map preserves continuity, Lipschitz continuity and expansiveness of Lipschitz type. A nonempty intersection property in a metric space is achieved which also provides a partial generalization of the classical Cantor's Intersection Theorem. Using this nonempty intersection property and the considered induced map, it is shown that the converse of Henrikson's result (i.e. a Hausdorff metric space is complete if its underlying space is complete) also holds.Comment: 14 page

Role of therapeutic drug monitoring of azathioprine and thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme status in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Indian scenario

Inflammatory bowel disease is mainly caused by dysragulated immune system. Inflammatory bowel disease incidences are rising in Asian countries with difficulty in their diagnosis and managements. There is rising the incidences and prevalence rate in India. Inflammatory bowel disease has two major subtypes Ulcerative colitis and chron’s disease. In ulcerative colitis inflammation occurs in lower part of large intestine that extend from anal verge to proximal colon while in case of chron’s disease there is transmural inflammation of gastrointestinal tract. This review is to provide comprehensive review focused on the current status of therapeutic drug monitoring of azathioprine metabolites in patients of inflammatory bowel disease