Adsorptive removal of colour pigment from palm oil using acid activated nteje clay. Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics

The kinetics of colour pigment removal from palm oil using acid activated clay from Nteje has been investigated. To determine the equilibrium adsorption capacity, the effects of temperature, contact time, adsorbent dosage and particle size were studied. The experimental adsorption data were analyzed using pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and Elovich kinetic models. The pseudo-second order model fitted very well to the kinetic experimental data. Equilibrium isotherms were analyzed by Lang-muir and Freundlich adsorption models. The data was in line with the Freundlich isotherm indicating a monolayer adsorption. The activation energy was calculated as 12 kJ/mol, and other thermodynamic parameters were determined as ΔS° = 0.063 J/mol, ΔH° = –34.994 J/mol, and ΔG° = –58.606 kJ/mol. These values indicate that the adsorption of colour pigment from palm oil onto acid activated clay was exothermic and can be attributed to physico-chemical adsorption process

Assessing influence of hydrochloric acid leaching on structural changes and bleaching performance of Nigerian clay from Udi

Clay from Udi in Nigeria was mined, ground, and acid-leached at different concentrations of hydrochloric acid to produce adsorbents of varying properties. The raw and acid-leached samples were characterized using x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Fourier transforms infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) to examine the structural modifications in the clay as a result of acid-leaching. The analysis showed that the acid-leaching process caused several modifications of the clay samples. The surface area, Si/[Al + Fe + Mg] ratio, adsorption capacity were found to have increased in the acid-leached samples. The acid-leached samples were tested in order to ascertain their performance in bleaching palm oil and it was observed that the bleaching efficiency increased from 29.8% to 66.7%. The acid-leached sample prepared with 7M hydrochloric acid yielded an adsorbent that was efficient in bleaching palm oil under the experimental conditions. The isotherm analysis showed that the bleaching process followed the Freundlich equation

Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies on Sorption Potential of Hybrid Adsorbent Produced From Snail Shell and Rice Husk

The present study deals with the application of Snail Shell and Rice Husk (RH-SS), an agricultural and animal waste, for the adsorptive removal of phenol from pharmaceutical effluent. This paper incorporates the effects of time, dose, temperature, concentration, and pH on the efficient removal of phenol from pharmaceutical Effluent. Batch kinetic and isotherm studies have also been performed to understand the ability of the adsorbents. The adsorption behavior of the Phenol has been studied using Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models. The monolayer adsorption capacity determined from the Langmuir adsorption equation has been found as 149.25 mg/g. Kinetic measurements suggest the involvement of pseudo-second-order kinetics in adsorptions. Adsorption of phenol on adsorbents was found to increase on decreasing phenol effluent concentration, increasing pH up to 5 and increasing effluent temperature up to 35oC. Overall, the present findings suggest that the composite of Rice Husk and Snail Shell (RH-SS) is environmentally friendly, efficient and low-cost biosorbent which is useful for the removal of Phenol from waste water

The tale of TILs in breast cancer: A report from The International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group

The advent of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in modern oncology has significantly improved survival in several cancer settings. A subgroup of women with breast cancer (BC) has immunogenic infiltration of lymphocytes with expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). These patients may potentially benefit from ICI targeting the programmed death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 signaling axis. The use of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) as predictive and prognostic biomarkers has been under intense examination. Emerging data suggest that TILs are associated with response to both cytotoxic treatments and immunotherapy, particularly for patients with triple-negative BC. In this review from The International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group, we discuss (a) the biological understanding of TILs, (b) their analytical and clinical validity and efforts toward the clinical utility in BC, and (c) the current status of PD-L1 and TIL testing across different continents, including experiences from low-to-middle-income countries, incorporating also the view of a patient advocate. This information will help set the stage for future approaches to optimize the understanding and clinical utilization of TIL analysis in patients with BC