Narcolepsy :a review amongst sleep disorders.

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder known and studied about from time to time is a sleep disorder characterized by a combination of myriad of symptoms including excessive day time sleepiness with recurrent irresistible sleep attacks , hypnogogic hallucinations ,hypnopompic hallucinations ,sleep paralysis and cataplexy (sudden and bilateral loss of muscle tone.1 Narcolepsy may present it self long with cataplexy or without cataplexy. The pathogenesis behind narcolepsy is found to be due to degeneration of hypocretin/orexin secreting neurones in the central nervous system due to disorder of human leukocyte antigen DQB1*0602.Narcolepsy is a deblitating disorder which causes intense functional impairment and hampers quality of life. Diagnosing narcolepsy can be challenging with help from clinical signs and symptoms , serum hypocretin/orexin levels and certain laboratory sleep tests . A definative cure for narcolepsy is not known , but pharmacological therapy with certain lifestyle changes are the main options

Septic arthritis of the hip in children: Aga Khan University Hospital experience in Pakistan

Objective: To present clinical, radiological and bacteriological features and short term outcome of septic arthritis of the hip in children.Methods: There were 23 male and 16 female children, including 6 neonates and 10 infants with a mean age of 3.9 years. Diagnosis of septic hip was made on clinical grounds, supplemented by X-rays, leukocyte count and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Thirty nine patients with 40 hips were followed for a mean time period of 76 weeks. All patients had a positive joint aspirate (pus) and underwent surgical decompression along with intravenous antibiotic therapy.Results: Symptoms of pain, fever and restricted range of hip motion were common to all patients. The mean leukocyte count was 14,000 and the mean ESR was 63 mm. Cultures of blood and joint aspirate were positive in 9 and 28 patients respectively. Staphylococus Aureus was the commonest organism (14 patients) identified, and only one patient had Hemophilus influenzae. Seven patients had a mixed osteoarticular infection. Positive clinical response was noted in the mean time period of 8.6 days. In follow-up, four cases developed myositis ossificans and 2 cases showed signs of partial growth plate destruction.Conclusion: Our findings of the absence of H. influenzae and the presence of a number of gut organisms are different from the previous studies. Duration of symptoms was an important prognostic factor and correlated well with the final outcome. Early surgical decompression was found to be the treatment of choice. A combined osteoarticular infection should be kept in mind in cases which show a poor response after the initial joint debridement

Matroid Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson cycles and Tutte activities

Lop\'ez de Medrano-Rin\'con-Shaw defined Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson cycles for an arbitrary matroid $M$ and proved by an inductive geometric argument that the unsigned degrees of these cycles agree with the coefficients of $T(M;x,0)$, where $T(M;x,y)$ is the Tutte polynomial associated to $M$. Ardila-Denham-Huh recently utilized this interpretation of these coefficients in order to demonstrate their log-concavity. In this note we provide a direct calculation of the degree of a matroid Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson cycle by taking its stable intersection with a generic tropical linear space of the appropriate codimension and showing that the weighted point count agrees with the Gioan-Las Vergnas refined activities expansion of the Tutte polynomial

Probing Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background from SU(5)×U(1)χSU(5) \times U(1)_{\chi} Strings in Light of NANOGrav 15-Year Data

A realistic model of $SU(5) \times U(1)_{\chi}$, embedded in $SO(10)$ supersymmetric grand unified theory, is investigated for the emergence of a metastable cosmic string network. This network eventually decays via the Schwinger production of monopole-antimonopole pairs, subsequently generating a stochastic gravitational wave background that is compatible with the NANOGrav 15-year data. In order to avoid the monopole problem in the breaking of both $SO(10)$ and $SU(5)$, a non-minimal Higgs inflation scenario is incorporated. The radiative breaking of the $U(1)_{\chi}$ symmetry at a slightly lower scale plays a pivotal role in aligning the string tension parameter with the observable range. The resultant gravitational wave spectrum not only accounts for the signal observed in the most recent pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments but is also accessible to both current and future ground-based and space-based experiments.Comment: 22 pages and5 figures

Individual Investments Biased by the Size of a Foreign Investor: An Experimental Study

The field of behavioral finance has actively researched behavioral elements influencing the choices of individual investors. This study also contributes to the behavioral finance and examines the effect of an increase in a foreign firm’s partial ownership in a domestic firm on the local individual investments in that domestic firm. Specifically, using a controlled lab experiment the study examines the investments of Pakistani individual investors between a purely Pakistani firm and a Pakistani firm with three different levels of Chinese ownership (portfolio, minority, majority). The experimental results show that with reference to Chinese minority ownership in a Pakistani firm, the potential investors are 47% (61%) less likely to invest in a Pakistani firm with Chinese portfolio (majority) ownership than in a purely Pakistani firm. The study uncovers an important non-monetary factor in the form of a foreign firm’s partial ownership that can significantly influence the choices of individual investors. It also makes an important contribution to the growing literature on the Chinese foreign investments specifically in Pakistan by exploring how potential individual Pakistani investors are likely to react to an increase in Chinese investments in Pakistani firms

Development of Media Policies and Reforms during In Pakistan With Reference To the Democratic and Dictatorship Regime

This article studies the comparison between democratic and dictatorship regime in Pakistan, primarilyfocusing on creation of media policies and laws. It is said that development of any society is dependent on number of factors and progressive areas in which media has a vital role. The progressive role of mass media in any society does not only educate and inform the general public but also helps in the formulation of national identity. For the developing countries like Pakistan, the role of media especially becomes crucial when it has to fulfill the requirements of watchdog and simultaneously promotes the national interest and builds positive image of society all around the world. This responsibility of media becomes more difficult when the society has several powerful and influential people, having power to distort, manipulate and biased the opinions of mass media to favor their own good.The article also studies about the opportunities that were present for the media industry and how the new laws and regulations have welcomed the investments with arms wide open. This article, in detail, studies the role of mass media and its growth in democratic and dictatorship regime. Although the general public opinion of the state is always in the favor of the democracy, yet it is quite astonished to know that media’s success was noticeably documented rather in military eras and to be more specific in General Pervez Musharraf’s era. This advancement of mass media resulted in freedom of speech which lately became a trouble for Retired General himself. Political pressure on media is an unavoidable factor in Pakistan that is mostly done indirectly. One handy tactic frequently used by the government is to cut off ‘unfriendly’ media from governmental advertising. Also with the use of strict laws the government has also directly banned or officially silenced popular television channels. The Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) which was initially created for the support and flourishing of the mass media industry, has also been used by the influential and dominating playersa number of times to quiet the broadcast media by either suspending licenses or by simply threatening to do so. In addition to this, media has also been exposed to propaganda from state agencies, pressured by powerful political elements and even non-state actors that are either affected or involved in the conflicts. However, keeping in mind these numbers of distortions, it is also being said that in spite of political pressure and direct bans, to a larger extent, the media still enjoys freedom of expression and freedom of speechand plays a phenomenal role that was the need of the hour in certain circumstances