Flood Simulation Models for a River System in a Tropical Region: The Case of Linggi River, Malaysia

Flooding of a river system in a tropical region is predicted using mathematical simulation models in this study. The proposed models were categorized as hydrologic model, hydraulic model and sedimentation model. Two methods of hydrologic models were used to simulate the peak: streamflow in a river system of a tropical region. The first hydrologic model is the river model, which is a first order linear autoregressive model, AR(1). The second hydrologic model is called the basin model which is a deterministic model based on a linear relationship between rainfall and runoff. The basin model is also described as a distributed model in which the river basin is divided into a number of subbasins whereby the rainfall and the runoff at each subbasin is simulated separately and then combined to get the river basin response. The Linggi River system in Seremban, Malaysia was used as a case study. The Linggi River system consists of a main river which is called Linggi, and it's six tributaries called the Batang Penar, Paroi, Temiang Diversion, Temiang, Anak Rasah and Kepayang. The total catchment area of the Linggi River system up to the point of interest is 127.7 km2. Recorded hydrologic data for the Linggi River basin was used in the evaluation and testing of the proposed models. Models evaluation involved calibration, verification and sensitivity analysis. Models testing was implemented using the Theil's technique. The calculated value of Theil's coefficient was 0.028, 0.17 and 0.01 for the basin model, river model and the hydraulic model respectively. A computer program was written to especially perform the calculations of the basin model. This computer program is called BSHYMD

Evaluation of yield and groundwater quality for selected wells in Malaysia

In Malaysia, the use of groundwater can help to meet the increasing water demand. The utilization of the aquifers is currently contributing in water supplies, particularly for the northern states. In this study, quantitative and qualitative assessments were carried out for the groundwater exploitation in the states of Kelantan, Melaka, Terengganu and Perak. The relevant data was acquired from the Department of Mineral and Geoscience, Malaysia. The quantitative assessment mainly included the determination of the use to yield ratio (UTY). The formula was proposed to determine the UTY ratio for aquifers in Malaysia. The proposed formula was applied to determine the maximum UTY ratios for the aquifers located in the states of Kelantan, Melaka, and Terengganu, and were found to be 4.2, 5.2 and 0.6, respectively. This indicated that exploitation of groundwater was beyond the safe limit in the states of Kelantan and Melaka. The qualitative assessment showed that the groundwater is slightly acidic. In addition, the concentrations of iron and manganese were found to be higher than the allowable limits, but the chloride concentration was found within the allowable limit

Compensating Chromatic Dispersion and Phase Noise using Parallel AFB-MBPS For FBMC-OQAM Optical Communication System

Filter Bank Multi-Carrier Offset-QAM (FBMC-OQAM) is one of the hottest topics in research for 5G multi-carrier methods because of its high efficiency in the spectrum, minimal leakage in the side lobes, zero cyclic prefix (CP), and multiphase filter design. Large-scale subcarrier configurations in optical fiber networks need the use of FBMC-OQAM. Chromatic dispersion is critical in optical fiber transmission because it causes different spectral waves (color beams) to travel at different rates. Laser phase noise, which arises when the phase of the laser output drifts with time, is a major barrier that lowers throughput in fiber-optic communication systems. This deterioration may be closely related among channels that share lasers in multichannel fiber-optic systems using methods like wavelength-division multiplexing with frequency combs or space-division multiplexing. In this research, we use parallel Analysis Filter Bank (AFB) equalizers in the receiver part of the FBMC OQAM Optical Communication system to compensate for chromatic dispersion (CD) and phase noise (PN). Following the equalization of CD compensation, the phase of the carriers in the received signal is tracked and compensated using Modified Blind Phase Search (MBPS). The CD and PN compensation techniques are simulated and analyzed numerically and graphically to determine their efficacy. To evaluate the FBMC\u27s efficiency across various equalizers, 16-OQAM is taken into account. Bit Error Rate (BER), Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR), Q-Factor, and Mean Square Error (MSE) were the primary metrics we utilized to evaluate performance. Single-tap equalizer, multi-tap equalizer (N=3), ISDF equalizer with suggested Parallel Analysis Filter Banks (AFBs) (K=3), and MBPS were all set aside for comparison. When compared to other forms of Nonlinear compensation (NLC), the CD and PN tolerance attained by Parallel AFB equalization with MBPS is the greatest

Groundwater engineering and geotechnique

This book comprises nine chapters designed to cover the syllabus of the subject of Groundwater Hydraulics with some theory and application which is considered important for civil engineers. Post graduate students, and researchers. Many topics covered in this book are useful for undergraduate students doing the Civil Engineering programme. Information on the history of groundwater, the geological formation of aquifers and groundwater utilisation is also included in this book

Prediction of water table in an alluvial aquifer using modflow

Groundwater is the main source of water in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A larger part of groundwater is founded in alluvial (unconfined) aquifers. Prediction of water table elevations in unconfined aquifers is very useful in water resources planning and management. During the last two decades, many aquifers in different regions of the KSA experienced significant groundwater decline. The declines in these aquifers raised concerns over the quantity and quality of groundwater, as well as concerns over the planning and management policies used in KSA. The main objective of this study was to predict water table fluctuations and to estimate the annual change in water table at an alluvial aquifer at wadi Hada Al Sham near Makkah, KSA. The methodology was achieved using numerical groundwater model (MODFLOW). The model was calibrated and then used to predict water table elevations due to pumping for a period of 5 years. The output of the model was found to be in agreement with the previous records. Moreover, the simulation results also show reasonable declination of water table elevations in the study area during the study period

Analyzing Land Use - Land Cover using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Southern Sector of Mesopotamia Plain

The majority of the study area lies within the Mesopotamia For deep of Outer (Unstable) Platform of Arabian Plate. While the southwestern corner lies within the Inner (Stable) Platform .The remote sensing techniques are used in order to produce Land Use – Land Cover (LU–LC) map for study area scale 1:250000 depending on SPOT satellite image 2010. The classification procedure which was developed by USGS and followed with field checking in 2011. Land Use-land cover map is created depending on maximum likelihood classifications (ML) of SPOT image. This image was classified into six main classes, these are: Urban and Built-up land class, vegetated land class, Agriculture none vegetated land class, Water class; like rivers, canals, lakes and other waterways, Wet lands and Barren lands class which are divided into three sub-classes (Mixed Barren Land, Sand Dunes and Dry Marsh). The accuracy assessment for classification is 89.67% and a kappa coefficient is 0.8448 by using ERDAS Imagine V. 9.2 Program. The LU–LC raster image is converted to vector structure, using Arc GIS 9.3 Program in order to create a digital LU–LC map. Keywords: Land use - Land cover (LULC), Mesopotamia Plain, Remote Sensing (RS), classification, SPOT

Hazardous effect of raw sewage disposal from indigenous housing settlement on natural water bodies

One of the problems that are causing a threat to public health is a sanitation system of indigenous houses built on water. The traditional way of life of indigenous society living in housing settlements over rivers or the sea is becoming a source of environmental pollution. These houses did not actually have a proper sanitation system for disposing wastes from toilets. The sanitation systems for these houses unfortunately dispose wastes directly into natural water bodies. The centralization of the waste disposal may cause problem to the public due to technical and financial different faced by the authorities. This research requires gathering relevant data source based on direct observation and indirect observations. Also this project will utilize on qualitative data collection tools, but is rooted in a qualitative epistemological position that recognizes the importance of locating the research within a particular social, cultural, and house settlement. This paper surveys the literature on problems that arise from raw sewerage disposed into natural water bodies before any sanitation is proposal to solve the problem. Also the potential solutions to the problem were discussed too

Kinematic analysis of blocks in tunnel on the basis of discontinuities.

This paper demonstrates the advantages of using stereographic projections in kinematic analysis of rock blocks in excavation surface. The stereographic method is completed by planes and poles as points and lines on the horizontal surface and the block kinematic behavioral analysis is investigated in a rock free face subsequently. A block is considered to be an instable one when the intersection lines fall into the critical zone, this area is defined through the relationship between the friction angle of the stone mass and the slope of the free face respectively. It is possible to determine the movement of the blocks on the basis of the discontinuity position before any collapse or sliding happens