Simple structures axiomatized by almost sure theories

In this article we give a classification of the binary, simple, $\omega$-categorical structures with SU-rank 1 and trivial pregeometry. This is done both by showing that they satisfy certain extension properties, but also by noting that they may be approximated by the almost sure theory of some sets of finite structures equipped with a probability measure. This study give results about general almost sure theories, but also considers certain attributes which, if they are almost surely true, generate almost sure theories with very specific properties such as $\omega$-stability or strong minimality.Comment: 27 page

>k-homogeneous infinite graphs

In this article we give an explicit classification for the countably infinite graphs $\mathcal{G}$ which are, for some $k$, $\geq$$k$-homogeneous. It turns out that a $\geq$$k-$homogeneous graph $\mathcal{M}$ is non-homogeneous if and only if it is either not $1-$homogeneous or not $2-$homogeneous, both cases which may be classified using ramsey theory.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figure

On sets with rank one in simple homogeneous structures

We study definable sets $D$ of SU-rank 1 in $M^{eq}$, where $M$ is a countable homogeneous and simple structure in a language with finite relational vocabulary. Each such $D$ can be seen as a `canonically embedded structure', which inherits all relations on $D$ which are definable in $M^{eq}$, and has no other definable relations. Our results imply that if no relation symbol of the language of $M$ has arity higher than 2, then there is a close relationship between triviality of dependence and $D$ being a reduct of a binary random structure. Somewhat more preciely: (a) if for every $n \geq 2$, every $n$-type $p(x_1, ..., x_n)$ which is realized in $D$ is determined by its sub-2-types $q(x_i, x_j) \subseteq p$, then the algebraic closure restricted to $D$ is trivial; (b) if $M$ has trivial dependence, then $D$ is a reduct of a binary random structure

Vikan - Rum för ny verksamhet

Villa Vikan on alun perin suomalaisen musiikin monitoimimiehen Martin Wegeliuksen , vuonna 1897, perheelleen rakennuttama huvilatila Persbölen kylässä, entisessä Pohjan kunnassa. Vikan on alusta alkaen ollut tunnettu kohtaamis- ja rentoutumispaikka maamme muusikoille, säveltäjille ja musiikin ystäville ja sellaisena se toimii edelleen. Vuodesta 2013 Vikania omistaa ja hallinnoi Musiikin edistämissäätiö jonka alaisuuteen nykyinen residenssitoiminta kuuluu. Vuonna 2014 valmistui Vikanin vanhan päärakennuksen peruskorjaus jossa rakennusta entisöitiin ja päivitettiin sekä talotekniikka että musiikin tekoon liittyvän tekniikka nykypäivän tasolle. Peruskorjaustyön valmistuttua säätiöllä heräsi ajatuksia miten Vikanin toimintaa voisi tulevaisuudessa kehittää ja tämä diplomityö tutkii näitä mahdollisuuksia konkreettisessa muodossa alue- ja rakennussuunnittelun kautta. Diplomityön lähtökohtana on ollut säätiön visiot millaiseksi residenssi- sekä muu mahdollinen toiminta voisi kehittyä tulevaisuudessa. Rakennusoikeutta ohjaavana kehyksenä olen käyttänyt arkkitehtitoimisto Stefan Ahlmanin vuonna 2014 laatimaa ranta-asemakaavaluonnosta Vikanin niemestä. Valittujen toiminnallisten ja rakennustaiteellisten ratkaisujen löytämiseksi olen käyttänyt laajasti Vikanin alueesta tehtyjä kahta luonto- ja maisemaselvitystä sekä Vikanin historiallisia vaiheita kuvaavaa kirjallista aineistoa ja valokuvia. Herkkä ja monimuotoinen luonto sekä historiaa täynnä oleva ympäristö ovat antaneet lähtökohdat suunnittelutyölle, jossa rakennussuunnittelu ja ympäristön käsittely sekä maisemasuunnittelu nivoutuvat yhteen yhdeksi suunnittelukokonaisuudeksi. Rakennetun pinnan ja ympäröivän luonnon ja maiseman raja on paikoin selkeä, jopa raju, ja paikoin hyvinkin häilyvä. Rakennukset ovat osa maisemaa, ja toimivat ympäristönsä heijastuksina, samalla luoden paikan keskelle maisemaa mistä sitä tarkkailla. Varsinainen suunnittelutyö jakautuu kolmeen osakokonaisuuteen. Vikanin alueen maisemasuunnitelmaan, uuden toiminnan keskipisteenä olevan musiikkisalin suunnitteluun sekä laajennetun toiminnan kannalta olennaisten majoitusrakennusten suunnitteluun. Näiden lisäksi olen viitteellisemmin esittänyt muitakin kokonaisuuteen liittyviä sivurakennuksia ja rakennelmia. Maisemasuunnitelma pyrkii mahdollisimman pitkälti herättämään alueen uudelleen tai tulkitsemaan alueelle jo tunnusomaisia elementtejä uudella tavalla. Luonnontilassa olevat alueet on pyritty jättämään sellaisiksi ja hoidetut alueet ovat joko selkeästi rajatut tai mahdollistavat hyvin pehmeän ja häilyvän rajan luonnonmukaisen ja hoidetun ympäristön välille. Musiikkisali asettuu kultaisena kappaleena keskelle niittypuistomaisemaa muodostuen visuaalisesti ja symbolisesti toiminnan uudeksi keskipisteeksi, alistamatta kuitenkaan vanhaa päärakennusta sivuroolin esittäjäksi. Kultaista monoliittia on halkaistu keskeltä, mikä antaa rakennukselle suunnan ja jakaa sen toiminnallisesti ja rakenteellisesti kahtia. Salin toiminta jakautuu sekä työryhmien työtilaksi, äänitystilaksi että pienimuotoiseksi konserttisaliksi, mikä on ohjannut rakennuksen suunnittelua monitoimiseksi pieneksi julkiseksi rakennukseksi. Selkeys ja yksinkertaisuus antavat parhaat mahdollisuudet monimuotoiselle toiminnalle. Salin rakennusoikeudellinen kerrostasoala on 241 ktm2, mikä vastaa kaavassa esitettyä laajuutta ja on mitoitettu maksimissaan 50 yleisömäärällä. Tätä suurempiin yleisötapahtumien järjestämien Vikanin alueella olisi muutenkin haasteellista. Majoitusrakennukset asettuvat riviin korkeusmuotoja seuraten luonnontilassa olevalle etelärinteelle, järvenrannan tuntumaan. Sijainti, muoto, materiaalit sekä kulkuyhteydet ovat valikoituneet siten, että rakennukset muodostavat uudet luonnolliset elementit mäntyjen välissä, aivan kuin olisivat aina olleet siellä. Rakennusten perusratkaisut mahdollistavat useampia erilaisia majoitusmuotoja yhden perheen kesälomavietosta hotellityyppiseen majoitukseen. Tilojen välinen ääneneristykseen on kiinnitetty erityishuomiota, sekä rakennustaiteellisin, että rakenteellisin keinoin. Majoitusrakennusten yhteen laskettu rakennusoikeudellinen kerrostasoala on 536 ktm2 sekä yhteen laskettu majoituskapasiteetti 24 henkeä.Villa Vikan är ursprungligen uppförd 1897 av den finska musikvärldens mångsysslare Martin Wegelius, som familjens sommarvistelse i Persböle by i före detta Pojo kommun. Vikan har från första början varit en känd mötes- och avkopplingsplats bland vårt lands musiker, kompositörer och musikälskare och som sådan fungerar Vikan ännu idag. Från 2013 har Vikan ägts och förvaltats av stiftelsen Musiikin edistämissäätiö, under vars ledning den nuvarande residensverksamheten fungerar. Grundförbättringen av Vikans gamla huvudbyggnad blev klar 2014, då återställdes byggnadens ursprungliga utseende samtidigt som tekniken förnyades och inspelningsutrustningen uppdaterades efter dagens standard. Då grundförbättringen stod klar väcktes tankar inom stiftelsen angående utvecklingen av verksamheten på Vikan. Det här diplomarbetet undersöker dessa olika utvecklingsmöjligheter på ett konkret sätt genom miljö- och byggnadsplanering. Utgångspunkten för diplomarbetet har varit stiftelsens visioner om hur residens- och möjlig övrig verksamhet på Vikan kunde ta form i framtiden. Som ram för användningen av ny byggnadsrätt har jag använt mig av det strandplaneförslag för Vikanudden som gjorts av arkitektbyrå Stefan Ahlman 2014. Som grund för de valda arkitektoniska lösningarna har jag använt mig av de två miljö- och naturinventeringarna som gjorts samt historiebeskrivningar över Vikan samt fotografiskt material. Den känsliga och mångfasetterade miljön samt den historiska omgivningen utgör utgångsläget för planeringsarbetet där byggnads- och landskapsplaneringen löper om lott och tvinnas ihop till en helhetslösning. Det bebyggda rummet och den omgivande naturen är dels klart avgränsad, dels flytande och odefinierad. Byggnaderna är en del av landskapet, reflektioner av sin omgivning, samtidigt som de skapar platser från vilken omgivningen kan betraktas. Det egentliga planeringsarbetet består av tre delområden. Vikanuddens landskapsplanering, musiksalen som är den nya verksamhetens brännpunkt samt boendet som är en förutsättning för att verksamheten skall kunna utvecklas. Därtill har jag mera ytligt presenterat lösningar för sidobyggnader samt konstruktioner som hör till helheten. Landskapsplaneringen strävar efter att återuppväcka och nytolka element som är och har varit typiska för Vikans miljö. De i naturligt tillstånd stående partierna har i mån om möjlighet fredats. Gränsen mellan dessa och de vårdade partierna har antingen gjorts skarpt avgränsad eller så får partierna flyta in i varandra på ett mjukt och naturligt sätt. Musiksalen ligger som ett gyllene block mitt i det parklika ängspartiet och bildar visuellt och symboliskt verksamhetens nya fokus utan att förringa Vikans gamla huvudbyggnad. Salens gyllene monolit är kluven på mitten, vilket ger byggnaden en riktning och samtidigt delar den både funktionellt och byggnadstekniskt. Salen fungerar som ett utrymme för arbetsgrupper, en inspelningsstudio och en konsertsal, vilket har styrt byggnadsplaneringen mot en liten offentlig byggnad. Stringens och enkelhet ger de bästa förutsättningarna för en mångfasetterad verksamhet. Byggnadens byggnadsrättsliga våningsyta är 241 vnm2 vilket motsvarar stadsplaneförslagets angivna våningsyta. Byggnaden är måttsatt får max 50 besökare. Större tillställningar är inte realistiska utgående från områdets övriga faciliteter. De fyra logibyggnaderna följer de naturliga höjdskillnaderna på sydsluttningen ut mot sjön. Placeringen, formspråket, materialen och gångvägarna är valda så att byggnaderna bildar ett naturligt element mellan tallarna – som om de alltid stått där. Byggnadernas planlösningar möjliggör olika boendeformer, från familjevistelser till hotellverksamhet. Särskild vikt har lagts vid de ljudtekniska lösningarna, både genom arkitekturen och de byggnadstekniska valen. Byggnadernas sammanlagda byggnadsrättsliga våningsyta är 536 vnm2 och den sammanlagda logi kapaciteten är 24 personer.Villa Vikan, located in Persböle village in the former Pohja municipality, was originally built in 1897 as a summer stay for the Finnish music world’s all-rounder Martin Wegelius and his family. Vikan has from the beginning been a famous meeting and relaxation place among our country’s musicians, composers and music lovers, and as such Vikan is still known today. From 2013 Vikan has been owned and managed by the Foundation Musiikin edistämissäätiö. In 2014 the improvement works in Vikan´s old main building was completed. During the improvement works the building’s original appearance was restored, the technical installations renewed and the recording equipment was updated to today’s standards. After the work was completed thoughts of what the future of Vikan could look like awakened within the foundation. This thesis examines these various development opportunities in a tangible way through landscape and building planning. The starting point of the thesis has been the Foundation’s vision of how the residential and possible other activities on Vikan could be improved and developed. As a framework for the extent of new constructions, I have used the master plan proposal for the Vikan cape made by the architectural office “Arkkitehtitoimisto Stefan Ahlman” in 2014. As the basis the two environmental and ecological inventories made and historical descriptions of Vikan as well as photographic materials has been used. The delicate and multifaceted nature and the historic environment is the starting point for the design where buildings and landscape get twisted together to form a single uniform solution. The boundary between the built space and the surrounding nature is partly distinct and partly fluid and undefined. The buildings are a part of the landscape, reflections of their surroundings, while generating sites from which the environment can be observed. The actual planning process consists of three areas. The Vikan capes landscaping, the music hall which is the new focal point, as well as the accommodation that is a prerequisite for the further development of Vikans activities. In addition, I have more superficially presented solutions for smaller service buildings and structures that are a part of the design. The landscape planning aims to revive and reinterpret elements that are and have been typical of the Vikan environment. The parts of the cape that are in their natural state are left untouched if possible and the boundary between these and the nursed areas have either been sharply defined or designed to flow into one another in a smooth and natural way. The Music Hall is like a golden block in the middle of the park-like meadow and forms the visual and symbolic new focus without detracting the old main building. The golden monolith is split in half, giving the building a direction and at the same time splits it functionally and structurally. The hall serves as a space for workshops, as a recording studio and as a concert hall, making it a small public building. Rigor and simplicity provides the best solutions for the multi-use building. The building’s construction floor area is 241 m2 corresponding exactly to the floor area specified in the master plan proposal. The building is dimensioned for a maximum of 50 guests. Larger events are not realistic based on the area’s other facilities. The four accommodation buildings follow the natural height differences on the southern slope towards the lake. The placement, form, materials and pathways are chosen so that the buildings form a natural element between the pines - as if they have always been there. The buildings’ floor plans allow different forms of accommodation, from family stays to hotel like accommodation. Particular emphasis has been placed on the sound technical solutions, both through the architecture and the technical solutions. The buildings total floor area is 536m2 and has a total accommodation capacity of 24 people

Organic dairy production

The aim of this thesis was to gain further knowledge about the performance of cows in organic dairy production and their ability to adapt to the organic production environment. Milk production traits, fertility traits, somatic cell count (SCC) and longevity traits were analysed in organic and conventional herds and the reasons for culling in the two systems were investigated. Furthermore, the genetic correlation between traits expressed in organic and conventional production was estimated to assess the occurrence of genotype by environment interaction (GxE). The data contained records from almost all organic and conventional herds in Sweden. This thesis shows that performance of organically managed dairy cows differs from conventionally managed cows. Cows in organic herds had lower production, better fertility and higher SCC than cows in conventional herds. However, the performance of cows in organic production depended to a large extent on the lower milk production level. At a given production level, organically managed cows had slightly worse fertility but equal SCC as cows in conventional herds. Cows stayed longer in organic herds than in conventional herds and the main reason for culling differed between the production systems. The main reason for culling in organic production was poor udder health followed by low fertility. In conventional production the main reason for culling was low fertility followed by poor udder health. The results indicate that organic farmers are more concerned about udder health than conventional farmers are. Genetic correlations for production, fertility, SCC and longevity, estimated in organic and conventional dairy production were in general close to unity. The results indicate that current breeding values for Swedish Red bulls, estimated in conventional production, are adequate for organic production. Weak GxE was found for fertility traits in Swedish Holstein cows, indicating that some cows of this breed are better suited for organic production than others. However, the magnitude of GxE does not justify development of a separate breeding programme for the organic population today

An Examination of Upland South Farmsteads Using an Evolutionary Ecology Methodology

The study of historic farmsteads in the Upland South has generally taken a normative approach that compared archaeologically recorded farmsteads to an idealized Upland South farmstead. This approach tends to avoid the issue of variation that is inherent among farmsteads within the region. To address this variation, a Darwinian evolutionary theoretical perspective is proposed. Of the different evolutionary perspectives in archaeology today, including selectionism, evolutionary psychology, and evolutionary ecology, it is proposed that an evolutionary ecological theoretical perspective is the best for examining and explaining the variation among Upland South farmsteads. In employing an evolutionary ecology theoretical perspective, a resource maximization/time minimization model was developed that characterized a set of four strategies available to the farm families that occupied the farmsteads in the Upland South. To test this model, data concerning the types of features and structures present at 129 Upland South farmsteads were collected. It was hoped that a wide range of variation would be present among these farmsteads, which would facilitate the classification of each farmstead into the different strategies of the model. In order to test this, a principal components analysis and cluster analysis were undertaken. The principal components analysis was used to examine the range of variation within the farmsteads in the sample. It was determined that the range of variation within the farmsteads was small, which made it to derive groups via the cluster analysis. Using the SAS procedure FAST CLUS, a second cluster analysis was undertaken that assigned the farmsteads into eight clusters, which is the number of strategies in the model. The clusters derived from this procedure did not represent the ultimate classification of each farmstead into the individual strategies. These clusters did, however, assist in the classification of the individual farmsteads into the individual strategies. An assumption raised during the classification process was a continuity of the strategy undertaken by the occupants of an individual farmstead. To demonstrate this continuity, an in-depth examination of the Tipton/Dixon House site was conducted. This examination showed that the occupants of this farm had undertaken a resource maximization strategy from its initial occupation in 1819 until it was abandoned in 1969

The national impact of Experience Based Career Education upon 1978-1982 graduates

This study presents the findings of the nation-wide impact study of Experience Based Career Education upon the graduates of 1978-1982. Eight hundred sixty surveys were sent to an experimental sample of students who were involved in EBCE projects sponsored by all four of the National Institute of Education Research Laboratories. One hundred forty surveys were sent to a control group of students involved in Cooperative Vocational Education in the State of Iowa;Four research questions were investigated to determine the relationship of student characteristics (age, gender, community size, grade level, previous work experience and project group) and program characteristics (Model of EBCE, type of instructional support, length of time in program, number of sites explored, amount of time at site each week, and use of related instruction) to: (1) Student perception of personal-social skill development; (2) Student perception of world-of-work skill development;In addition, 12 descriptive questions were studied and the results presented in charts, tables and narration. From the information gained through the analysis and findings of this study, the following conclusions were drawn. (All four major hypotheses were rejected at the .01 level of significance). (1) Enrollment in EBCE, being a member of the female sex and having previous work experience were significant contributors toward positive personal-social skill development. (2) Enrollment in EBCE and previous work experience were significant contributors toward positive acquistion of world-of-work skills. (3) Enrollment in EBCE for more than one semester and involvement in experiential academics contributed significantly to personal-social skill development. (4) Enrollment in the Appalachia Educational Research or Northwest Regional models of EBCE, participation for two or more semesters and enrollment in related science contributed significantly to world-of-work skill acquisition

Road to Ghana: Nkrumah, Southern Africa and the eclipse of a decolonizing Africa

Published versionThis article interrogates the position of Accra as an ‘extra-metropolitan’ centre for southern African anti-colonial nationalists and anti-apartheid activists during the so-called ‘first wave’ of Africa’s decolonization. Drawn to Ghana by a narrative of decolonization and continental pan-Africanism that was at once peaceful and revolutionary, southern African ‘Freedom Fighters’ and expatriates first traveled to the Ghanaian capital of Accra in anticipation of the 1958 All-African Peoples Conference. Inside Ghana, southern African parties including the ANC and NDP and later the PAC, ZAPU and ZANU worked with the government of Kwame Nkrumah’s Convention People’s Party (CPP) in establishing an anti-colonial policy that spoke both to the unique settler situation in the region and the heightening international tensions of the emergent Cold War – a transnational dialogue to which the Nkrumah administration was not always receptive. As such, this article argues that the southern African presence in Accra and the realities of settler rule in the region challenged Nkrumah’s and others’ faith in the ‘Ghanaian’ model of decolonization, thus leading to a radicalization of African anti-colonial politics in Ghana during the early and mid-1960s as Nkrumahand his allies faced the prospect of the continent’s ‘failed’ decolonization.Department of HE and Training approved lis