Atividade fotossintética de plantas cultivadas em solo contaminado com sulfentrazone

The goal of this work was to evaluate the sulfentrazone effects on the characteristics associated with photosynthetic activity of Helianthus annus, Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lab lab and Arachis hypogaea regarded species with potential of remediation of contaminated soil with this herbicide. The experiment was conducted in factorial 4 x 3, completely randomized design, with four replications. The first factor consisted by cultivation of species H. annus, C. ensiformis, D. lab lab and A. hypogaea; the second factor by three sulfentrazone doses (0, 250 and 500 g ha-1) applied in pre-emergence. After filling the pots with 6.0 kg of soil, classified with red-yellow Hapludalf, it was done the irrigation and it was done the herbicide application herbicide in soil surface. One day after this application, proceeded the sowing of vegetal species. At 40 days after the emergency of the vegetal species, were evaluated the stomatal conductance (gs - mol m-1 s-1), transpiration rate (E - mol H2O m-2 s-1), sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (Ci - µmol mol-1), CO2 gradient (ΔC - µmol mol-1) and the photosynthetic rate (A - µmol m-2 s-1). These evaluations were performed using an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). At 100 days after the plants emergency was collected the shoot for determination of shoot dry matter. Sulfentrazone residues in soil can affect the physiological variables studied, however, the shoot dry matter wasn’t influenced by the herbicide action, independently of the doses applied, indicating tolerance of the species to the sulfentrazone.Objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar os efeitos do sulfentrazone sobre as características associadas à atividade fotossintética de Helianthus annus, Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lab lab e Arachis hypogaea consideradas espécies com potencial de remediação de solo contaminado por esse herbicida. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 4 x 3 em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator constou do cultivo das espécies H. annus, C. ensiformis, D. lab lab e A. hypogaea e o segundo de três doses (0, 250 e 500 g ha-1) de sulfentrazone aplicadas em pré-emergência. Após o preenchimento dos vasos com 6,0 kg de solo, classificado como Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, fez-se a irrigação e aplicou-se à superfície do solo o herbicida. Um dia após esta aplicação, procedeu-se a semeadura das espécies vegetais. Aos 40 dias após a emergência (DAE) das espécies vegetais, foram determinadas a condutância estomática (gs - mol m-1 s-1), a taxa de transpiração (E - mol H2O m-2 s-1), a concentração de CO2 na câmara subestomática (Ci - µmol mol-1), o gradiente de CO2 (ΔC - µmol mol-1) e a taxa fotossintética (A - µmol m-2 s-1). Essas avaliações foram realizadas utilizando-se um analisador de gases no infravermelho (IRGA). Aos 100 DAE das plantas foi coletada a parte aérea e determinada a matéria seca. Resíduos de sulfentrazone no solo podem afetar as variáveis fisiológicas estudadas, todavia, a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea dessas espécies não foi influenciada pela ação do herbicida, independentemente das doses aplicadas, indicando a tolerância das espécies ao sulfentrazone

Características fisiológicas do feijoeiro cultivado em solos após fitorremediação do picloram

Plant remediation has been reported as a promising technique for decontaminating soil herbicide residues. For hormonal herbicides there is difficulty in determining waste by bioassay technique due to the variation in growth in response presented by the indicator plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of doses of picloram through physiological characteristics of the bean in phytoremdiation soils with braquiaria. The experiment was arranged in greenhouse in the design of randomized blocks. Applied increasing doses of picloram (0; 2; 4; 8; 16 e 32 g ha-1), subsequently cultivated with Brachiaria for 120 days. In this date the brachiaria was harvested and sowed beans as bioindicator, 30 days after the emergence of the culture was evaluated the physiological characteristics and bean biomass accumulation. Even after remediation by plants Brachiaria, the doses of picloram affected the physiological characteristics of the bean, especially the water use efficiency, these variables are the most appropriate to evaluate the herbicide residues in the soil. The reduction of these variables promoted less accumulation of total biomass of bean plants in soils that was made remediation. The second higher dose of the herbicide also caused reduction of Fv / Fm ratio below 0.75, indicating some kind of stress photosynthetic apparatus of bean leaves.A fitorremediação tem sido relatada como técnica promissora para a descontaminação de solos com resíduos de herbicidas. Para herbicidas hormonais, há dificuldade na determinação de resíduos pela técnica do bioensaio em função da variação na resposta em crescimento apresentada pela indicadora. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o efeito de subdoses do picloram, em solos fitorremediados com braquiária, nas características fisiológicas do feijoeiro. O ensaio foi realizado em ambiente protegido no delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Aplicou-se diferentes doses do picloram (0; 2; 4; 8; 16 e 32 g ha-1), sendo posteriormente cultivado com braquiária por 120 dias. Nesta data retirou-se a braquiária dos vasos e semeou o feijão como planta bioindicadora, sendo depois de 30 dias avaliada as características fisiológicas e a matéria seca do feijoeiro. Mesmo após a remediação por plantas de braquiária, as subdoses do picloram afetaram as características fisiológicas do feijoeiro, principalmente a taxa fotossintética e a eficiência no uso da água, sendo essas variáveis as mais indicadas para se avaliar o resíduo do herbicida no solo. A redução dessas variáveis promoveu menor acúmulo de biomassa total das plantas de feijão nos solos fitorremediados. A segunda maior dose do herbicida provocou também redução da relação Fv/Fm abaixo de 0,75, indicando algum tipo de estresse do aparato fotossintético das folhas do feijoeiro

Avaliação das temperaturas mínimas e máximas para eventos de friagem no Pantanal

Apesar da importância do Pantanal, estudos sobre friagens na região são escassos na literatura. Vários estudos são orientados para a região amazônica, mostrando menos influência em relação ao Pantanal. O estudo objetivou avaliar eventos de friagem no Pantanal, com base na distribuição anual e mensal dos eventos, considerando o El Niño e o comportamento das temperaturas mínimas e máximas, em Coxim-MS. Foram identificados 75 eventos em 294 dias sob efeito de friagem. A maior frequência anual ocorreu em 2009 e 2010, totalizando 12 eventos para cada ano, coincidindo com o período de El Niño ativo. A maior frequência mensal ocorreu em agosto, totalizando 16 eventos. Foi relatada uma média de dois dias, com queda de temperatura, em decorrência da friagem e, posteriormente, acréscimo na temperatura máxima e decréscimo na temperatura mínima nos dias seguintes. O maior número de sistema frontal anual não implicou em um número maior de dias frios. Julho de 2013 apresentou o menor valor de temperatura mínima no período. Valores com reduções significativas de temperatura, em relação à normal climatológica não apresentaram menores temperaturas mínimas e máximas

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution