Collect and sanitation of wastewater in earthquake in Iranshahr; expert panel and delphi technique

زمینه و هدف: مکان‌یابی تأسیسات شهری و به‌طور خاص تصفیه‌خانه‌های فاضلاب شهری از سابقه طولانی و اهمیت فوق‌العاده ای برخوردار است و مکان گزینی های نامناسب کاربری‌ها و تأسیسات شهری می‌تواند زمینه مهاجرت، جدایی گزینی و افزایش جرم و جنایت، در محلات ناپایدار گردد. مطالعه حاضر باهدف بررسی و تعیین بهترین منطقه برای جمع‌آوری و دفع بهداشتی فاضلاب در زلزله در شهرستان ایرانشهر در سال 1394 انجام گرفت. روش بررسی: مطالعه حاضر به‌صورت مقطعی و با استفاده از پنل خبرگان بود که به‌منظور مکان‌یابی محل مناسب برای جمع‌آوری و دفع زباله در شهرستان ایرانشهر استان سیستان و بلوچستان انجام گرفت. در ابتدا نسبت به مشاهده و جمع‌آوری و ثبت اطلاعات موردنیاز اقدام گردید و 20 نفر از صاحب‌نظران مدیریت در حوادث و بلایا، پدافند غیرعامل و مسئولان بهداشت محیط به‌عنوان جامعه وارد پژوهش شدند. با استفاده از بررسی وضعیت، اطلاعات اولیه در اختیار جامعه پژوهش قرارگرفته و با روش دلفی تعدیل‌شده، وضعیت این مناطق و نقاط قوت و ضعف هر منطقه ازنظر قرارگیری تصفیه‌خانه بهداشتی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. به‌منظور تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار Excel استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها: گزینه‌های بافت بلوچ و کریم‌آباد به دلیل معایب و مشکلات بیشتر از اولویت برخوردار نبودند. گزینه زمین‌های منطقه نوک‌آباد سرهنگ با توجه به فاکتورهای مورد بررسی، بهترین منطقه انتخاب و بهترین روش دفع فاضلاب در منطقه استفاده از سپتیک تانک و چاه جذبی برای درازمدت می‌باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: گرچه دفع فاضلاب شهرستان ایرانشهر مطلوب نبوده ولی با اقدامات مناسب، مدیریت صحیح، تأمین اعتبار و ایجاد آگاهی لازم و بینش درست می‌توان از مخاطرات آن جلوگیری و از فاضلاب استفاده مجدد و بهینه نمود. با توجه به وضعیت کنونی ایرانشهر پیشنهاد می‌گردد یک تصفیه‌خانه در این شهر ایجاد شود و بهترین مناطقی که مورد پیشنهاد است، همان مناطق پنج‌گانه محل اردوگاه‌ها است که توجه به شیب توپوگرافی زمین در ابتدای تصفیه‌خانه باید سنجش و در تصمیم‌گیری در نظر گرفته شود

Short communication: Morphological and genetic characterisation of selected Contracaecum (Nematoda: Anisakidae) larvae in Iran

In their life cycle, Contracaecum spp infect marine mammals and piscivorous birds as definitive hosts and crustaceans and a wide range of fish species as their intermediate hosts. Humans can accidentally be infected with larval stages of these nematodes, leading to a severe disease generally known as anisakidosis. The disease now is considered as an emergence zoonotic disease and therefore, these parasites attracted attention of scientists in different parts of the world and various aspects of their biology and lifecycle is being investigated. In Iran, there is a paucity of information on these socioeconomically important parasites. The present study is a preliminary study toward genetic characterisation and description of anisakid nematodes in Iran, using a combined molecular and morphological approach

Synthesis of bis-quinoxaline derivatives using Tonsil clay as a catalyst

A convenient and efficient synthesis of new bis-quinoxaline is described, involving condensation of 1,2-diamines with 9-ethyl-3,6-di(1,2-dioxoethyl)carbazole in the presence of Tonsil clay, a readily  available and inexpensive catalyst. The structures of all new products were identified by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and FT-IR spectral data and microanalysis. KEY WORDS: bis-Quinoxaline, bis-Glyoxal, Green chemistry, 1,2-Diamine, Tonsil clay Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2016, 30(1), 129-136.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v30i1.1

Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of E. coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection in Patients with Renal Failure Disease and Renal Transplant Recipients

Purpose: To determine the common uropathogens found in patients with urinary tract infections and to assess their antibiotic susceptibility patterns.Methods: The prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of E. coli in urinary tract infection inpatients with renal failure disease and renal transplant recipients (group 1) and in outpatients (group 2), admitted in/attending Imam Reza Hospital in Tabriz, Iran, were determined. Isolates were analyzed by standard methods, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.Results: A total of 136 E. coli strains from 81 females and 55 males were examined. The high level of antibiotic susceptibility for group 1 was cefuroxime/ceftazidime (100 %) and nitrofurantoin (81.63 %), respectively; and for group 2, it was ampicillin (95.83 %) and nitrofurantoin (93.75 %), respectively.Conclusion: The most important finding of this study is that a considerable proportion of the studied E. coli isolates are resistant to the antibiotics tested, except nitrofurantoin. This finding is useful for clinicians to determine appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment in similar cases and would also help health authorities to formulate antibiotic prescription policies.Keywords: Urinary tract infection, Antibiotic susceptibility pattern, Uropathogens, Renal failure, Renal transplant, Escherichia col

Synthesis of indium nanoparticles at ambient temperature; simultaneous phase transfer and ripening

The synthesis of size-monodispersed indium nanoparticles via an innovative simultaneous phase transfer and ripening method is reported. The formation of nanoparticles occurs in a one-step process instead of well-known two-step phase transfer approaches. The synthesis involves the reduction of InCl3 with LiBH4 at ambient temperature and although the reduction occurs at room temperature, fine indium nanoparticles, with a mean diameter of 6.4 ± 0.4 nm, were obtained directly in non-polar n-dodecane. The direct synthesis of indium nanoparticles in n-dodecane facilitates their fast formation and enhances their size-monodispersity. In addition, the nanoparticles were highly stable for more than 2 months. The nanoparticles were characterised by dynamic light scattering (DLS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to determine their morphology, structure and phase purity

3-(1-Methyl­pyrrolidin-2-yl­idene)-3H-indole sesquihydrate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C13H14N2·1.5H2O, contains two similar mol­ecules of 3-(1-methyl­pyrrolidin-2-yl­idene)-3H-indole, (I), and three water mol­ecules. (I) is the product of reacting indole with 1-methyl­pyrrolidin-2-one in the presence of phospho­rus oxychloride. Both organic molecules are almost completely planar; the maximum distances above and below the least-squares plane through all the atoms of mol­ecule 1 are 0.050 (8) and −0.045 (8) Å, respectively, and the deviations for mol­ecule 2 are 0.096 (8) and −0.059 (8) Å, respectively. In the crystal, the two crystallographically different mol­ecules alternate in π-stacked columns [centroid–centroid distances = 3.729 (5) and 3.858 (5) Å], which are linked by O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds to a network of hydrogen-bonded water mol­ecules. O—H⋯O inter­actions are also present

Grain growth behaviour of an AISI 422 martensitic stainless steel after hot deformation process

The metadynamic softening behaviour and grain size refinement of an AISI 422 martensitic stainless steel in the temperature range of 950–1150°C was investigated by double-hit compression tests. The deformed specimens were held at deformation temperature with delay times of 5–300 s after achieving a strain of 0.3. Based on the experimental results, a model was established for estimation of a softening fraction at different deformation parameters, and the softening fraction was compared with a recrystallised fraction. A major deviation was observed at the beginning of interpass time denoting a significant contribution of recovery to the fractional softening (FS). However, by increasing the time and temperature, the difference between the FS and recrystallised fraction is reduced. The finer grain size was achieved by prior fine pre-austenite grain and lower secondary deformation temperature. The initial grain size of 53 µm decreased down to 32 and 19 µm at the deformation temperatures of 1020 and 940°C, respectively. The austenite grains have considerable growth at a temperature higher than 1020°C, while the grain coarsening is negligible at lower deformation temperatures.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Dynamic recrystallization behavior of AISI 422 stainless steel during hot deformation processes

In this work, hot compression tests were performed to investigate the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) process of a martensitic stainless steel (AISI 422) at temperatures of 950, 1000, 1050, 1100 and 1150 °C and strain rates of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 s−1. The dependency of strain-hardening rate on flow stress was used to estimate the critical stress for the onset of DRX. Accordingly, the critical stress to peak stress ratio was calculated as 0.84. Moreover, the effect of true strain was examined by fitting stress values to an Arrhenius type constitutive equation, and then considering material constants as a function of strain by using a third-order polynomial equation. Finally, two constitutive models were used to investigate the competency of the strain-dependent constitutive equations to predict the flow stress curves of the studied steel. It was concluded that one model offers better precision on the flow stress values after the peak stress, while the other model gives more accurate results before the peak stress.Preprin

The frequency of consanguineous marriages and their effects on offsprings in Tabriz city

Objectives: Too much diversity and ever increasing number of genetic disorders appear as a big challenge in coming future. One of the main sources of genetic disorders is the consanguineous marriages which are, unfortunately very common in our society. In order to prepare ourselves to accept the challenge, the first step is to get complete information of their prevalence and their risk factors.Patients and Methods: The study was made during 2003-2007 in Tabriz city of Iran.We selected 6000 families and a complete data was obtained on a questionnaire comprised of information regarding marital ages, number of pregnancies, type of delivery, ratio of consanguineous and non consanguineous marriages jobs of parents… etc and their effect on child malformations.Results: Consanguineous marriages of all types were related with increased congenital malformations (with ratio 43/1000 for consanguineous marriages and for non consanguineous marriages 28/1000). Mother age less than 18 and more than 35 particularly was accompanied with increased malformations while education of mother came out to be inversely related to congenital malformation.Conclusion: Increased stillbirths, consanguineous marriage and malformations, especially of musculoskeletal system require new planning on national level to control and aware people of the consequences of consanguineous marriages.Key Words: Consanguineous marriage, congenital malformation, trisomy 21, genetic diseas