Caractérisation et modélisation des polymères électro-actifs (Application à la récupération d'énergie)

Le concept de la récupération d'énergie se rapporte généralement au processus d'utilisation de l'énergie ambiante, qui est converti, principalement (mais pas exclusivement) en énergie électrique pour faire fonctionner des dispositifs électroniques petites et autonomes. Les tendances récentes à la fois dans l'industrie et au domaine de la recherche ont mis l'accent sur les polymères électro-actifs pour la conversion d'énergie électromécanique. Cet intérêt s'explique par de nombreux avantages tels que la productivité élevée, la grande flexibilité, et la facilité de traitement. Le but de ce travail de recherche est d explorer la potentialité des polymères électro-actifs pour une application de récupération d énergie mécanique ambiante. Dans la première partie, une synthèse des composites à base de polyuréthane (PU) et de P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) a été réalisée, suivie d une caractérisation électrique et mécanique de ces polymères et composites afin d évaluer leurs paramètres intrinsèques. La seconde partie de ce travail de thèse concerne la caractérisation électromécanique de ces polymères. Un modèle analytique électromécanique est mise en place afin de déterminer finement le comportement physique des polymères électrostrictifs ainsi que les variations de leurs paramètres intrinsèques. Ce modèle analytique est validé par une série de tests à travers un banc d essai. La dernière partie de ce travail consiste à évaluer les performances électromécaniques des polymères électrostrictifs pour la récupération d énergie mécanique. Deux nouvelles techniques sont testées afin de maximiser la densité d énergie récupérée. Ainsi qu une comparaison avec les méthodes classiques a été réalisée. Un excellent potentiel de ces techniques pour la récupération d'énergie a été démontré. Le deuxième point porte sur l étude de l efficacité de la conversion électromécanique pour la récupération d énergie mécanique en utilisant l'analyse spectrale FFT. Il a été montré que cette méthode permet de prévoir le rendement énergétique de nos polymères en accord avec les prédictions théoriques. Le dernier point se focalise sur l amélioration de cette efficacité de conversion électromécanique en utilisant des électrets de polypropylène cellulaire, afin d assurer un meilleur rendement énergétique.The concept of energy harvesting generally relates to the process of using ambient energy, which is converted, primarily (but not exclusively) into electrical energy in order to power small and autonomous electronic devices. Recent trends in both industrial and research fields have focused on electro-active polymers for electromechanical energy conversion. This interest is explained by many advantages such as high productivity, high flexibility, and processability. The purpose of this research work is to explore the potential of electro-active polymers for application of mechanical energy harvesting. At first, a synthesis of the composite based on polyurethane (PU) and P (VDF-TrFE-CFE) was performed, followed by electrical and mechanical characterization of these polymers and composites in order to evaluate their intrinsic parameters. The second part of this thesis concerns electromechanical characterization of these polymers. An electromechanical analytic modeling is detailed in order to determine the physical behavior of electrostrictive polymers and the variations of intrinsic parameters. This modeling is validated by a series of tests using a test bench. The last part of this work consists to evaluate the electromechanical performance of electrostrictive polymers for the mechanical energy harvesting. Two new techniques are tested in order to maximize the density of energy recovered. As well as a comparison against those classic has been performed. Excellent potential of these techniques for energy harvesting has been demonstrated. The second point is about the study of the electromechanical conversion efficiency for scavenging mechanical energy using spectral analysis FFT. It was shown that this method allows predicting the energy efficiency of our polymers, in accordance with the results predicted by the model. The last point focuses on improving the efficiency of electromechanical conversion by using cellular polypropylene electrets to ensure better energy efficiency.VILLEURBANNE-DOC'INSA-Bib. elec. (692669901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Ethyl 2-amino-4-phenyl-4H-1-benzo­thieno[3,2-b]pyran-3-carboxyl­ate

The title heterocyclic compound, C20H17NO3S, was synthesized by condensation of ethyl cyano­acetate with (Z)-2-benzyl­idenebenzo[b]thio­phen-3(2H)-one in the presence of a basic catalyst in ethanol. The phenyl and ester groups make dihedral angles of 77.67 (6) and 8.52 (6)°, respectively, with the benzothienopyran ring system [maximum r.m.s. deviation = 0.1177 (13) Å]. In the crystal, centrosymmetric dimers are formed through pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the amine and ester groups. Inter­molecular C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π inter­actions involving the thio­phene ring are also observed

Improved piezoelectric properties of PLA/PZT hybrid composite films

Piezoelectric polymer-ceramic composites are promising materials for Sensing, Wireless electronics and actuating applications. We report the fabrication of highly piezoelectric biocompatible films containing lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ferroelectric ceramic particles dispersed in poly lactic acid (PLA) with different volume fractions using a solvent cast technique. The properties of the piezoelectric polymer-ceramic films were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). In the FTIR spectra appear a large number of absorption bands which are attributed to the phases from PLA matrix confirming the total embedding of PZT filler into the matrix. The SEM results showed a good distribution of fillers in the matrix. We find that the added PZT imposes a significant effect on the α–β phase transformation. Our finding can lead to extraordinary enhancement of piezoelectric properties for the PLA/PZT composite films

(2RS,4′RS)-3′-(3-Chloro-4-meth­oxy­phen­yl)-4′-phenyl-4′H-spiro­[indene-2,5′-isoxazol]-1(3H)-one ethanol monosolvate

The title compound, C23H17ClN2O3·C2H6O, is the stoichiometric 1:1 ethanol solvate of a racemic reaction product, which forms a conglomerate. The refined Flack parameter of 0.36 (3) indicates racemic twinning. In the structure, mol­ecules are linked into zigzag chains by a series of inter­molecular N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

3′-(4-Meth­oxy­phen­yl)-4′-phenyl-3H,4′H-spiro­[1-benzothio­phene-2,5′-isoxazol]-3-one

In the title compound, C23H17NO3S, the thio­phene and isoxazole rings each have an envelope conformation with the spiro C atom linking them forming the flap of the envelope in each case. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the benzothio­phene ring and isoxazole rings is 81.35 (7)°. In the crystal, an inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond links the mol­ecules into a chain running parallel to the a axis

Flexible Smart Textile Coated by PVDF/Graphene Oxide With Excellent Energy Harvesting Toward a Novel Class of Self-Powered Sensors: Fabrication, Characterization and Measurements

Because of some of their diverse benefits, intelligent textiles have attracted a great deal of interest among specialists over the past decade. This paper describes a novel approach to the manufacture of intelligent piezoelectric polymer-based textiles with enhanced piezoelectric responses for applications that extract biomechanical energy. Here we report a highly scalable and ultrafast production of smart textile piezoelectric containing graphene oxide nanosheets (GONS) dispersed in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). In this work, Cotton textiles (CT) were functionalized and by graphene oxide (GO), using PVDF as a binder to obtain a CT-PVDF-GO material. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was further grafted as a coating layer to improve the surface compatibility, resulting in the CT-PVDF-GO-TEOS composite. The research results show that the addition of GONS significantly improves PVDF's overall crystallization rate on CT. More specifically, the piezoelectric β-phase content (100 % higher F[β]) and crystallinity degree on the piezoelectric properties of composite cotton fiber has been improved effectively. Consequently, this fabricated piezo-smart textile has a glorious piezoelectricity even with comparatively low coating content of PVDF-GONS-TEOS. Based on it, the as-fabricated piezoelectric textile device has resulted in the output voltage of up to 13 mV for a given frequency (fm = 8 Hz) at fixed strain amplitude value (0.5 %). It is believed that this research may further reveal the field of energy harvesting for possible applications in the future.. In addition, the set of experimental results that illustrate the smart textile was carried out and discussed, and how it can be used as a wearable device source for this smart textile. Finally, the approach described in this study can also be used to construct other desirable designs, for a wearable low-consumption sensor, etc

Energy barriers of single-adatoms diffusion on unreconstructed and reconstructed (110) surfaces

The present paper is aimed mainly to investigate theoretically the diffusion of Ag, Cu, Au and Pt adatoms on the (1 × 1) unreconstructed geometry for Ag, Cu and Pt (110), and reconstructed geometries ((1 × 2), (1 × 3) and (1 × 4)) for Pt and Au (110) surfaces. We consider the single adatom diffusion when additional atoms are deposited in adjacent row. For this study, we have used the molecular statics simulations combined with the embedded atom method. For several systems, we have calculated the activation barriers for hopping mechanism. For the diffusion on the unreconstructed surfaces, the trends for the activation barriers are the same for all considered systems except for Cu/Ag (110) system, where the activation barrier do not change. Further, our results indicate that additional atoms lead to a small decreasing of activation barriers for diffusion on reconstructed surfaces for some systems, while for other systems; the activation barrier remains practically unchanged

Ag Adatom And Dimer Motion On Cu(1 1 0)(1 × 2) Missing Row Surface

The diffusion of Ag monomer and dimer on Cu(1 1 0)(1 × 2) missing row reconstructed surface is investigated by using the molecular dynamics simulation based on semi-empirical many-body potentials derived from the embedded atom method. In the case of monomer diffusion, both simple jump and long jump follow an Arrhenius law in a large temperature range (300-500 K) but with a small difference in activation energy. The activation barrier energy for simple jump is found to be (0.27 ± 0.02) eV with corresponding prefactor 5.9 ps-1. However, for double jump we found Ea2 = (0.33 ± 0.05) eV. While in the case of dimer, we found that the adatoms activity is notably reduced at low temperature (T \u3c 400 K) and the diffusion via dissociation-reassociation process is more favoured than the other processes. This finding is in a good agreement with the energetic prediction. The presence of concerted jump and leapfrog process is very rare due to their high corresponding activation energy. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Ag adatom and dimer motion on Cu(110)(1×2) missing row surface

The diffusion of Ag monomer and dimer on Cu(1 1 0)(1 × 2) missing row reconstructed surface is investigated by using the molecular dynamics simulation based on semi-empirical many-body potentials derived from the embedded atom method. In the case of monomer diffusion, both simple jump and long jump follow an Arrhenius law in a large temperature range (300-500 K) but with a small difference in activation energy. The activation barrier energy for simple jump is found to be (0.27 ± 0.02) eV with corresponding prefactor 5.9 ps-1. However, for double jump we found Ea2 = (0.33 ± 0.05) eV. While in the case of dimer, we found that the adatoms activity is notably reduced at low temperature (T \u3c 400 K) and the diffusion via dissociation-reassociation process is more favoured than the other processes. This finding is in a good agreement with the energetic prediction. The presence of concerted jump and leapfrog process is very rare due to their high corresponding activation energy. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Diffusion Processes Of Trimers On Missing Row Surfaces: Cu3Ag (110) And Ag3 Cu(110)

A semi-empirical potential according to the embedded atom, has been applied to investigate the diffusion of trimers by computing the energy barriers for different mechanisms. Our attention was more focused on the leapfrog process which is likely to occur on missing row surfaces. The activation barriers of this mechanism are calculated using drag method at 0K. These barriers are found to be 0.64 and 0.68 eV for hopping out the channel for Cu3Ag (110) and Ag3 Cu(110) and Ag 3 / Cu (110) respectively. While for hopping down at the other side they are about 0.42 and 0.32 eV. Moreover, a deep metastable position is observed during leapfrog diffusion leading to some spectacular trimer motion. At high temperature and essentially for Cu 3Ag (110) and Ag3 Cu(110), we also observed a competition between leapfrog process and concerted jump mechanism with a deformation of trimer geometry. Implications of these findings are briefly discussed. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York