Methods for the synthesis of polyhydroxylated piperidines by diastereoselective dihydroxylation: Exploitation in the two-directional synthesis of aza-C-linked disaccharide derivatives

Background: Many polyhydroxylated piperidines are inhibitors of the oligosaccharide processing enzymes, glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. Aza-C-linked disaccharide mimetics are compounds in which saturated polyhydroxylated nitrogen and oxygen heterocycles are linked by an all-carbon tether. The saturated oxygen heterocycle has the potential to mimic the departing sugar in a glycosidase-catalysed reaction and aza-C-linked disaccharide mimetics may, therefore, be more potent inhibitors of these enzymes. Results: The scope, limitations and diastereoselectivity of the dihydroxylation of stereoisomeric 2-butyl-1-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridin-3-ols is discussed. In the absence of a 6- substituent on the piperidine ring, the Upjohn (cat. OsO4, NMO, acetone-water) and Donohoe (OsO4, TMEDA, CH2Cl2) conditions allow complementary diastereoselective functionalisation of the alkene of the (2R*,3R*) diastereoisomer. However, in the presence of a 6-substituent, the reaction is largely controlled by steric effects with both reagents. The most synthetically useful protocols were exploited in the two-directional synthesis of aza-C-linked disaccharide analogues. A two-directional oxidative ring expansion was used to prepare bis-enones such as (2R,6S,2'S)-6- methoxy-2-(6-methoxy-3-oxo-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-ylmethyl)-1-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-1,6- dihydro-2H-pyridin-3-one from the corresponding difuran. Selective substitution of its N,O acetal was possible. The stereochemical outcome of a two-directional Luche reduction step was different in the two heterocyclic rings, and depended on the conformation of the ring. Finally, twodirectional diastereoselective dihydroxylation yielded seven different aza-C-linked disaccharide analogues. Conclusion: A two-directional approach may be exploited in the synthesis of aza-C-linked disaccharide mimetics. Unlike previous approaches to similar molecules, neither of the heterocyclic rings is directly derived from a sugar, allowing mimetics with unusual configurations to be prepared. The work demonstrates that highly unsymmetrical molecules may be prepared using a two directional approach. The deprotected compounds may have potential as inhibitors of oligosaccharide-processing enzymes and as tools in chemical genetic investigations

Prevalence of somatisation as a determinant of burnout amongst staff working in drug and alcohol services

Purpose: This study explored the prevalence of somatisation as a determinant of burnout amongst drug and alcohol staff in the UK. Design/methodology/approach: The study employed a cross-sectional design utilising a self-completion online questionnaire. Data was collected from substance misuse workers across England and Wales. 165 responses were eligible for analysis, yielding a response rate of 5%. Burnout and somatization were measured with Maslach’s Burnout Inventory and the Physical Symptoms Inventory. Findings: The prevalence of somatic symptoms was relatively low in the sample studied. The reported levels of burnout were moderate. Personal accomplishment remained high in the sample. There was a strong association between burnout and incidence of stress related somatic symptoms, with higher levels of burnout correlating with multiple symptoms. Research limitations/implications: It was not possible to determine the extent of non-response bias, as at the time of the study there was no information available relating to the characteristics of drug and alcohol staff in the selected services. Therefore, as the response rate was very low (5%) it was recognised that non-response bias might have affected the findings, in such way that non-respondents may have differed in their experiences of work stress, satisfaction, burnout and health outcomes. Practical implications: Despite the limitations, the study provided practical information relating to burnout vulnerability and associated physical symptoms in this specific occupational group. These findings can support employers to address staff wellbeing with a view to prevent burnout and reduce existing levels of burnout and related somatic symptoms, and improve job performance, job satisfaction, and staff retention through making appropriate adjustments, such as developing staff-wellbeing programmes. These adjustments could potentially contribute to improvement in substance misuse practice, through maintenance of healthy and satisfied workforce. Social implications: Originality/value: There is very few studies looking at burnout in drug and alcohol staff. This study is also novel in a way that it reveals correlations between a variety of specific stress related physical symptoms and the three components of burnout

Paying More for the American Dream III: Promoting Responsible Lending to Lower-Income Communities and Communities of Color

This report analyzes 2007 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data and finds that, in low- and moderate-income communities, depositories with CRA obligations originate a far smaller share of higher-cost loans than lenders not subject to CRA. It also finds that lenders covered by CRA are much less likely to make higher-cost loans in communities of color than lenders not covered by CRA

Déterminants de la Satisfaction des Exploitants Agricoles à l’Egard du Système de Riziculture Intensive (SRI), dans les Communes de Malanville et de Karimama au Bénin

Face à la demande sans cesse croissante en riz au Bénin, le Système de Riziculture Intensive (SRI) devient une option crédible pour booster sa production. L’étude avait pour objectif d’identifier les facteurs qui déterminent la satisfaction des exploitants rizicoles des communes de Malanville et Karimama au Bénin, à l’égard du SRI. Pour y parvenir, un modèle logistique ordinal ajusté est utilisé sur un échantillon de 368 enquêtés. Les résultats indiquent que l’accès à l’information, l’activité principale, les appuis reçus, le coût d’entretien de l’exploitation, l’état du revenu généré par l’exploitation et les moyens financiers dont dispose l’exploitant, sont les principales variables qui ont un effet positif et significatif sur la satisfaction. Par ailleurs, l’étude conseille la mise en place des mesures d’accompagnement, l’aide à la disponibilité et l’accessibilité de semences de qualité et la subvention de l’accès à la matière organique qui est la principale contrainte à la pratique du SRI.   Faced with the ever-increasing demand for rice in Benin, the Intensive Rice System (IRS) is becoming a credible option to boost its production. The objective of the study was to identify the factors that determine the satisfaction of rice farmers in the communes of Malanville and Karimama in Benin, about the IRS. To achieve this, an adjusted ordinal logistic model is used on a sample of three hundred and sixty-eight (368) respondents. The results indicate that access to information, the main activity, the support received, the cost of maintaining the operation, the state of the income generated by the operation, and the financial means available to the operator, are the main variables that have a positive and significant effect on satisfaction. In addition, the study recommends the implementation of accompanying measures, support for the availability and accessibility of quality seeds, and the subsidy of access to organic matter, which is the main constraint to the practice of IRS

Déterminants de la Satisfaction des Exploitants Agricoles à l’Egard du Système de Riziculture Intensive (SRI), dans les Communes de Malanville et de Karimama au Bénin

Face à la demande sans cesse croissante en riz au Bénin, le Système de Riziculture Intensive (SRI) devient une option crédible pour booster sa production. L’étude avait pour objectif d’identifier les facteurs qui déterminent la satisfaction des exploitants rizicoles des communes de Malanville et Karimama au Bénin, à l’égard du SRI. Pour y parvenir, un modèle logistique ordinal ajusté est utilisé sur un échantillon de 368 enquêtés. Les résultats indiquent que l’accès à l’information, l’activité principale, les appuis reçus, le coût d’entretien de l’exploitation, l’état du revenu généré par l’exploitation et les moyens financiers dont dispose l’exploitant, sont les principales variables qui ont un effet positif et significatif sur la satisfaction. Par ailleurs, l’étude conseille la mise en place des mesures d’accompagnement, l’aide à la disponibilité et l’accessibilité de semences de qualité et la subvention de l’accès à la matière organique qui est la principale contrainte à la pratique du SRI.   Faced with the ever-increasing demand for rice in Benin, the Intensive Rice System (IRS) is becoming a credible option to boost its production. The objective of the study was to identify the factors that determine the satisfaction of rice farmers in the communes of Malanville and Karimama in Benin, about the IRS. To achieve this, an adjusted ordinal logistic model is used on a sample of three hundred and sixty-eight (368) respondents. The results indicate that access to information, the main activity, the support received, the cost of maintaining the operation, the state of the income generated by the operation, and the financial means available to the operator, are the main variables that have a positive and significant effect on satisfaction. In addition, the study recommends the implementation of accompanying measures, support for the availability and accessibility of quality seeds, and the subsidy of access to organic matter, which is the main constraint to the practice of IRS

Déterminants de la Satisfaction des Exploitants Agricoles à l’Egard du Système de Riziculture Intensive (SRI) dans les Communes de Malanville et de Karimama au Nord du Bénin

Face à la demande sans cesse croissante en riz pour l’alimentation des populations au Bénin, le Système de Riziculture Intensive (SRI) devient une option crédible pour booster sa production. L’étude a pour objectif d’identifier les facteurs qui déterminent la satisfaction des exploitants rizicoles des communes de Malanville et Karimama au Bénin à l’égard du SRI. Pour atteindre cet objectif, des données quantitatives et qualitatives ont été collectées et un modèle logistique ordinal ajusté est utilisé sur un échantillon de 368 enquêtés. Les résultats indiquent que l’accès à l’information, l’activité principale, les appuis reçus, le coût d’entretien de l’exploitation, l’état du revenu généré par l’exploitation et les moyens financiers dont dispose l’exploitant sont les principales variables qui ont un effet positif et significatif sur la satisfaction. En conséquence, l’étude suggère la mise en place des mesures d’accompagnement, l’aide à la disponibilité et à l’accessibilité de semences de qualité et la subvention  pour un meilleur accès à la matière organique qui est la principale contrainte à la pratique du SRI.   Faced with the ever-increasing demand for rice to feed the population in Benin, the Intensive Rice System (IRS) is becoming a credible option to boost its production. The objective of the study is to identify the factors that determine the satisfaction of rice farmers in the communes of Malanville and Karimama in Benin with the SRI. To achieve this objective, quantitative and qualitative data were collected and an adjusted ordinal logistic model was used on a sample of 368 respondents. The results indicate that access to information, the main activity, the support received, farm maintenance cost, the state of the income generated by the operation and the financial means available to the operator are the main variables that have a positive and significant effect on satisfaction. Consequently, the study suggests the implementation of accompanying measures, support for the availability and accessibility of quality seeds and the subsidy of access to organic matter which is the main constraint to the practice of IRS

Clima organizacional y satisfacción laboral en los colaboradores de la empresa Productos Pit S.R.L, San Luis – 2018

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar la relación que existe entre el clima organizacional y la satisfacción laboral de los colaboradores de la empresa productos Pit S.R.L, San Luis 2018. El tipo de estudio fue descriptivo Correlacional , de diseño no experimental y transversal. La muestra es de 30 colaboradores de la empresa Productos Pit S.R.L,San Luis. La técnica utilizada fue la encuesta y el instrumento fue el cuestionario que tuvo una escala de tipo Likert de 5 ítems. Para el análisis de datos se empleo el programa SPSS donde se aplicó la estadística descriptiva mediante gráficos y tablas y la estadística inferencia mediante la prueba de spearman para contrastar las hipótesis. Se concluye que el clima organizacional influye en la satisfacción laboral de los colaboradores de la empresa Productos Pit S.R.L, San Luis 2018 ya que se observo en la prueba de correlación de spearman un valor 0.552 y así mismo un p=0,000<0.05 entonces rechazamos la hipótesis nula y se acepta la hipótesis alterna

Probabilistic reconstruction of measles transmission clusters from routinely collected surveillance data.

Pockets of susceptibility resulting from spatial or social heterogeneity in vaccine coverage can drive measles outbreaks, as cases imported into such pockets are likely to cause further transmission and lead to large transmission clusters. Characterizing the dynamics of transmission is essential for identifying which individuals and regions might be most at risk. As data from detailed contact-tracing investigations are not available in many settings, we developed an R package called o2geosocial to reconstruct the transmission clusters and the importation status of the cases from their age, location, genotype and onset date. We compared our inferred cluster size distributions to 737 transmission clusters identified through detailed contact-tracing in the USA between 2001 and 2016. We were able to reconstruct the importation status of the cases and found good agreement between the inferred and reference clusters. The results were improved when the contact-tracing investigations were used to set the importation status before running the model. Spatial heterogeneity in vaccine coverage is difficult to measure directly. Our approach was able to highlight areas with potential for local transmission using a minimal number of variables and could be applied to assess the intensity of ongoing transmission in a region