La Biblioteca Virtual de Salud de la provincia Holguín: un diagnóstico preliminar

Aimed at the development of the Medical Virtual Library of Holguin Province a preliminary diagnosis of existing conditions was carried out. The main concepts related to the virtual library are exposed, institutions with a higher scientific potential in health care areas are identified as well as the products and information services that can be moved to the web. The strategy to the introduction of the virtual library is provided as well as its extension to the different institutions of the Health Care System of the province. Finally, some critical aspects for the success of this project are exposed

La Biblioteca Virtual de Salud de la provincia Holguín: un diagnóstico preliminar

Aimed at the development of the Medical Virtual Library of Holguin Province a preliminary diagnosis of existing conditions was carried out. The main concepts related to the virtual library are exposed, institutions with a higher scientific potential in health care areas are identified as well as the products and information services that can be moved to the web. The strategy to the introduction of the virtual library is provided as well as its extension to the different institutions of the Health Care System of the province. Finally, some critical aspects for the success of this project are exposed

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Capitulo 2. Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias Básicas, Ingeniería y Tecnología

La diseminación de la Levitación Magnética, a pesar de lo antiguo de su tecnología, ha sido limitada. Debido a sus inconvenientes prácticos de implementación, su uso es bastante restringido, comparado con otras tecnologías (SCMaglev japonés, Transrapid alemán, o productos comerciales para ocio y entretenimiento). Con el boom de las tecnologías limpias y amigables con el medio ambiente y en concordancia con los objetivos del milenio, es pertinente plantearse el objetivo de optimizar el proceso de Levitación Magnética para generar un aprovechamiento de las ventajas de esta tecnología a nivel mecánico, eléctrico, y ambiental.  Actualmente la UNAD adelanta un proyecto de investigación cuyo objetivo es generar un modelo físico matemático de levitación magnética para aplicaciones en ingeniería. De este proyecto se ha derivado una primera revisión sistemática de los principios físicos y los modelos vigentes en Levitación Magnética

Gestión del conocimiento. Perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Volumen 17

El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, Volumen 17 de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro es una publicación internacional, seriada, continua, arbitrada, de acceso abierto a todas las áreas del conocimiento, orientada a contribuir con procesos de gestión del conocimiento científico, tecnológico y humanístico. Con esta colección, se aspira contribuir con el cultivo, la comprensión, la recopilación y la apropiación social del conocimiento en cuanto a patrimonio intangible de la humanidad, con el propósito de hacer aportes con la transformación de las relaciones socioculturales que sustentan la construcción social de los saberes y su reconocimiento como bien público

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Producción científica sobre la herpetología en Colombia: perspectivas desde los temas de investigación hacia la conservación biológica

La herpetología colombiana tiene más de 200 años de investigación, pero hasta el momento no se han sistematizado los documentos que conforman el estado del arte de esta disciplina. A partir de una revi-sión sistemática de literatura entre 1741 y 2020, encontramos 2199 documentos, de los cuales el 70,3 % se ha publicado desde el año 2000. De las 394 revistas científicas, las que han realizado mayores contri-buciones son la Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, la Revista Caldasia, el Catálogo de Anfibios y Reptiles de Colombia y Zootaxa. La mayoría de las publicaciones contribuyen al conocimiento en historia natural, distribución geográfica, sistemática y taxonomía, princi-palmente en Anura y Squamata. Son necesarios más estudios en ecología y conservación de grupos como las cecilias y las salamandras. Resaltamos la necesidad de fortalecer los listados taxonómicos locales con análisis cuantitativos de ecología de comunidades, y los estudios de conservación con estudios pobla-cionales a largo plazo. Es urgente recopilar datos de distribución geográfica para proyectar modelos que evalúen periódicamente el riesgo de extinción de las especies, determinar su representatividad en áreas protegidas y priorizar redes de áreas de conservación. Se requiere incrementar estudios en etnobiología y educación ambiental para cambiar las percepciones negativas de las personas hacia la herpetofauna y generar apropiación en las comunidades locales mediante iniciativas de conservación del hábitat. Así mismo es esencial consolidar investigación sobre los sistemas de gobernanza para generar una apropiación del conocimiento científico dentro de los procesos de toma de decisiones

Producción científica sobre la herpetología en Colombia: perspectivas desde los temas de investigación hacia la conservación biológica

Colombian herpetology has more than 200 years of research, but so far, the state of the art of scientific publications that have shaped this discipline is unknown. Through a systematic review of the literature between 1741 and 2020, we found 2199 papers, of which 70,3 % have been published since 2000. Of the 394 scientific journals that have contributed to new knowledge on Colombian herpetofauna, those that have made the greatest contributions are Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Revista Caldasia, Catálogo de Anfibios y Reptiles de Colombia, and Zootaxa. Most of the publications are contributions to natural history, geographic distribution, systematics, and taxonomy, mainly in Anura and Squamata. More studies are needed on the ecology and conservation of groups such as caecilians and salamanders. We highlight the need to strengthen taxonomic lists with quantitative analyses of community ecology, and conservation studies with long-term population studies. It is urgent to compile data on the geographic localities of species to be able to project distribution remodels to evaluate the risk of extinction of species periodically, determine their representativeness in protected areas, and prioritize networks of conservation areas. More studies on ethnobiology and environmental education are needed to change people’s negative perceptions of herpetofauna and to generate local community ownership of habitat conservation initiatives. It is also essential to consolidate a line of research on governance systems in the country to generate the appropriation of scientific knowledge for decision-making processes.La herpetología colombiana tiene más de 200 años de investigación, pero hasta el momento no se han sistematizado los documentos que conforman el estado del arte de esta disciplina. A partir de una revisión sistemática de literatura entre 1741 y 2020, encontramos 2199 documentos, de los cuales el 70,3 % se ha publicado desde el año 2000. De las 394 revistas científicas, las que han realizado mayores contribuciones son la Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, la Revista Caldasia, el Catálogo de Anfibios y Reptiles de Colombia y Zootaxa. La mayoría de las publicaciones contribuyen al conocimiento en historia natural, distribución geográfica, sistemática y taxonomía, principalmente en Anura y Squamata. Son necesarios más estudios en ecología y conservación de grupos como las cecilias y las salamandras. Resaltamos la necesidad de fortalecer los listados taxonómicos locales con análisis cuantitativos de ecología de comunidades, y los estudios de conservación con estudios poblacionales a largo plazo. Es urgente recopilar datos de distribución geográfica para proyectar modelos que evalúen periódicamente el riesgo de extinción de las especies, determinar su representatividad en áreas protegidas y priorizar redes de áreas de conservación. Se requiere incrementar estudios en etnobiología y educación ambiental para cambiar las percepciones negativas de las personas hacia la herpetofauna y generar apropiación en las comunidades locales mediante iniciativas de conservación del hábitat. Así mismo es esencial consolidar investigación sobre los sistemas de gobernanza para generar una apropiación del conocimiento científico dentro de los procesos de toma de decisiones

Libro Rojo de Peces Dulceacuícolas de Colombia (2012)

En el marco del Plan Operativo Anual (2010 – 2011 - 2012) del Programa de Biología de la Conservación y Uso de la Biodiversidad del Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, se llevó a cabo la actualización del Libro Rojo de peces dulceacuícolas de Colombia o proceso de evaluación del riesgo de extinción y evolución del estado de conservación de las especies de peces dulceacuícolas, como también es conocido. Esta iniciativa se llevó a cabo con el aval del Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial – MAVT (hoy Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible – MADS) y la participación del Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, WWF Colombia, y la Universidad de Manizales. En este proceso contribuyeron más de 50 investigadores, vinculados a unas 30 instituciones académicas, gubernamentales y no gubernamentales.Bogotá, D. C