Neptune: Marine Robot ROV Control System

The mysteries of the aquatic world and the dangers human activity poses to its environmental health are important considerations. It is pivotal we find ecient methods to study and monitor the subsea environments in order to maintain and improve their health. This document provides insight into the planning, design, implementation, and testing in developing an enhanced control system for a marine remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to eectively control various mounted hardware components. Our goal for this design is to greatly assist scientists and environmentalists observe and collect subsea data to improve the subsea environment

Twin disciplines: architecture and design

Tematem artykułu jest zagadnienie interdyscyplinarności architektury w kontekście bliźniaczej dyscypliny – wzornictwa przemysłowego. W pracy przybliżone zostały trzy zasadnicze obszary przenikania się obu tych dziedzin. Pierwszy z obszarów poddanych analizie ma wymiar gospodarczy i koncentruje się na przemyśle kreatywnym i pojęciach pokrewnych, przybliża również samą definicję wzornictwa (designu) w kontekście architektury. Drugi z obszarów wskazuje na kontekst edukacyjny kształcenia architektów i projektantów wzornictwa. Ta część artykułu skupia się na wymiarze krajowym, zarysowując jednak tło międzynarodowe, przywołując uczelnie lub wydziały, na których integruje się interdyscyplinarną wiedzę z zakresu różnych dziedzin projektowych. Wreszcie trzeci obszar koncentruje się na nowych narzędziach cyfrowych, które projektanci adaptują do pracy twórczej. W tej części przybliżone zostały nowe metody projektowania i produkcji, poparte przykładami współczesnych obiektów architektonicznych i wzorniczych. Tam też, jak i w podsumowaniu nakreślony został horyzont możliwości i zagrożeń płynących ze stosowania tychże technik. Wspólnym elementem dla podjętych analiz jest założenie sobie holistycznego ujęcia profesji architekta. Architekta, nie tylko jako specjalisty w wąskiej dziedzinie, lecz jako twórcy inkorporującego do swej praktyki różne dziedziny projektownia. Autor wierzy i prezentuje pogląd, iż idąca za tym interdyscyplinarność praktyki, syntetyczne postrzeganie świata, otwartość na wzbogacanie warsztatu projektowego zmierza ku trwałemu (choć nieformalnemu w polskich warunkach) połączeniu w jedno dziedziny architektury i wzornictwa przemysłowego.The subject of the article is the issue of the interdisciplinary nature of architecture in the context of a twin discipline – industrial design. The work presents three main areas of overlapping of these two areas. The first of the analyzed areas has an economic dimension and focuses on the creative industry and related concepts, it also introduces the very definition of design in the context of architecture. The second area indicates the educational context of training architects and designers. This part of the article focuses on a national dimension, but outlines the international background, referring to universities or departments where interdisciplinary knowledge in various design fields is integrated. Finally, the third area focuses on new digital tools that designers adapt to creative work. This section introduces new design and production methods, supported by examples of contemporary architectural and design objects. There, and in the summary, the horizon of possibilities and threats resulting from the application of these techniques was outlined. The common element for the undertaken analyzes is the assumption of a holistic approach to the architect’s profession, i.e., an architect who is understood not only as a specialist in a narrow field, but as an artist incorporating various areas of design into his own practice. The author believes and presents the view that the resulting interdisciplinarity of practice, synthetic perception of the world and openness to enriching the design workshop is aimed at a permanent (although informal in Polish conditions) combination of architecture and industrial design into one discipline

Architecture – contemporary hybridisation of the profession

Od początku XXI wieku w architekturze obserwuje się proces przełamywania barier względem bliźniaczej dyscypliny – designu. Na naszych oczach dokonuje się hybrydyzacja zawodów architekta i projektanta oraz zmiana sposobu myślenia o budynkach i przedmiotach. Architekci z jednej strony adoptują cyfrowe metody projektowo– produkcyjne, a z drugiej odkrywają „na nowo” metody tradycyjne, pochodzące z różnych dziedzin projektowania czy sztuki. Zapowiedź coraz powszechniejszej multidyscyplinarności można było odnaleźć już w pierwszej połowie XX wieku, m.in. u Buckminstera Fullera, który postulował zaistnienie wszechstronnego projektanta, będącego syntezą artysty, wynalazcy, mechanika, obiektywnego ekonomisty i ewolucyjnego stratega. Blisko temu do starogreckiego pojęcia ho–tekton, którym określano m.in. św. Józefa. Ho–tekton to mistrz w rzemiośle, alchemic–metalurg, pracujący w kamieniu i drewnie, budujący domy i śluzy, naprawiający drzwi i siodła. Czyż więc zwrot ku multidyscyplinarności architektów jest czymś nowym?Since the beginning of the 21st century, a process of breaking down barriers can be observed within architecture, in relation to its sister discipline – design. Before our eyes, hybridisation of these two professions is occurring and the way of thinking about buildings and objects is changing. On the one hand, architects adopt digital design and production methods, and on the other, they “rediscover” traditional methods coming from various fields of design or art. The foreshadowing of an increasingly widespread multidisciplinary can be found as early as in the first half of the 20th century, among others in Buckminster Fuller, who postulated the existence of a comprehensive designer, being the synthesis of artist, inventor, mechanic, objective economist and evolutionary strategist. It is close to the ancient Greek concept of ho–tekton, which was used to describe, among others, St. Joseph. Ho tekton is a master craftsman, an alchemist – metallurgist, working in stone and wood, building houses and sluices, repairing doors and saddles. Therefore, is the turn towards multidisciplinary of the architects something new

Development of digital tools in the context of design and production processes

Współcześnie w obszarze architektury i wzornictwa przemysłowego następuje odejście od tradycyjnie pojmowanych pojęć funkcji, formy, procesów produkcyjnych, na rzecz zainteresowania elastycznością samoorganizacją, prototypizacją. Towarzyszą temu zmiany możliwe dzięki wykształceniu się nowych narzędzi cyfrowych, wywodzących się z przemysłu samochodowego, lotniczego czy technik animacji. Narzędzia owe od ponad trzech dekad są obecne w twórczym etapie procesu projektowania, z jednej strony sprzyjając przenikaniu się architektury i wzornictwa przemysłowego, z drugiej przyczyniając się do erozji dotychczasowych zasad nimi rządzących. Dziś możemy więc sobie zadać pytanie, na ile zamierzamy być cyfrowi, a na ile nie? Z odpowiedzią wiąże się wiele konsekwencji redefiniujących architekturę i design – dyscypliny bliźniacze.Nowadays, in the field of architecture and industrial design, there is a departure from traditionally understood concepts of functions, forms, production processes in favor of interest in flexibility, self-organization and prototyping. This is accompanied by changes, possible thanks to the emergence of new digital tools originating from the automotive, aviation and animation industries. These tools have been present in the creative phase of the design process for over three decades, on the one hand, favoring the interpenetration of architecture and industrial design, on the other, contributing to the erosion of existing rules governing them. So today we can ask ourselves: how far digital we would like to go and where to stop? There are many consequences associated with the answer to this question that redefine twin disciplines – architecture and design

On the new wildflysch-to-flysch, blueschist-rich Lower Visean succession of the Western Sudetes (SW Poland)

Field and laboratory works realized in last years allowed us to redefine one of the lithotectonic units of the western Sudetes, till now considered to be composed of Cambrian to Lower Carboniferous, stratigraphically coherent, volcano-sedimentary succession, as the Lower Carboniferous, probably lower Visean, wildflysch-to- flysch succession. This unit forms the westernmost part of the Kaczawa Complex and is situated at the boundary zone between the Kaczawa Mts. (Polish Sudetes) and the Görlitzer Schiefergebirge (Germany) or - at a larger scale - between the Sudetes and Lugian tectonostratigraphic zones of the Variscan orogen. Petrographical studies of rocks sampled from the larger allochthonous bodies (olistolithes and slide-sheets) of the wildflysch sequence have revealed some peculiar features of the lithic composition of this succession. They consist in the presence of: (1) - unmetamorphosed and metamorphosed volcanites with a distinct HP-overprint, characteristic of supra- subduction zones, gabbro-type plutonites, and relatively numerous detrital chromite grains indicating the occur- rence of ophiolite ultramafics in the source area; and (2) - large block(s) of rock composed of quartz (almost 100% SiO 2 ), previously interpreted as Palaeozoic quartz vein, now documented by the authors to be totally silicified primary evaporites, composed of gypsum (selenite), anhydrite and salt. The last finding would be of special significance as the first strong evidence of evaporites within the Variscan orogenic complex in Europe, if further studies confirm proposed here tectonic position of the silicified evaporites. General lithic composition of the Jędrzychowice/Ludwigsdorf wildflysch detrital material is characterised by the presence of such litholog ies, as: black and gray-to-green cherts, black shale mudstones and cherts, (turbi- dite-)siliciclastics, carbonates (both bioclastic and diagenetic), basic and acid, unmetamorphosed and epi-to- HP-metamorphosed volcanites, and gabbros and ultrabasites (the latter noted only by detrital chromites). Moreover, the siliciclastic material of the olistosthrome matrix discloses the presence of acid magmatic (granites) and high-grade metamorphics of gneiss-to- mica-schist type in the source areas. Such a compositio n of detrital material clearly reflects a typical tectonic mélange as the source terrane for the wildflysch deposit. It would mean that the Jędrzychowice/Ludwigsdorf wildflysch should be considered as the next, strong and unequivocal signal of large-scale tectonic mélange stage in a tectonic/geodynamic evolution of the Central European Palaeozoic orogenic system

Famennian, thermally altered chert exotic clasts from the Jędrzychowice/Ludwigsdorf wildflysch (Sudetes)-stratigraphic and tectonic implications

A wildflysch sequence recently recognized in the Görlitzer Schiefergebirge/western Kaczawskie Mts. boundary zone permits the characterization of the westernmost Kaczawa Unit as a chaotic complex. The cherts,many of which contain numerous radiolarians, occur as exotic clasts within the olistostrome deposits of the wildflysch. They are associated with allochthonous blocks of blueschist, andesite pillow lavas and pyroclastic rocks, flysch facies clastic rocks, mudstones (often of black shale lithology) and carbonates. The conodonts extracted from the grey-greenish radiolarite cherts indicate a mid-Famennian age (Early rhomboidea Zone to Early marginifera Zone). The conodont-bearing radiolarite clasts reveal no trace of a tectonometamorphic fabric. Their 4-4.5 conodont colour alteration index (CAI) indicates that the rock underwent low-temperature (250-285C) thermal alteration. The lack of thermal overprint in the olistostrome matrix allows this alteration to be interpreted as a part of the tectonothermal, post-mid-Famennian evolution of the source area. A number of the exotic blocks of unmetamorphosed volcanic rocks associated with the chert exotics seems to indicate igneous (volcanic) activity as the reason for the chert alteration. The fact that exotic blocks of the Devonian chert have been found as clasts within deposits earlier believed to represent Upper Proterozoic (Cadomian) flysch suggests the need for reassessement of the extent of Cadomian rocks in the westernmost Sudetes

Refining the granite, gneiss and schist interrelationships within the Lusatian-Izera massif, west sudetes, using SHRIMP U-Pb zircon analyses and new geologic data

The eastern part of the Lusatian-Izera Massif, West Sudetes, comprises different types of gneissose rocks, collectively known as the Izera gneisses, with a subordinate component of petrographically varied mica schists. Coarse-grained gneisses and their protoliths have been dated at 515-480 Ma, but the lack of age data for other rocks has impeded accounts of their mutual relationships and, thus, the region's geological evolution. This paper reports new sensitive high-mass resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb zircon data, and some new field and petrographic observations, for three representative rock types: 1) the Złotniki schist (a fine-grained quartz-albite-chlorite-sericite-biotite schist); 2) a fine-grained gneiss that grades to 'porphyroblastic' granite and which occurs on the slopes of Mt. Stóg Izerski; 3) a leucogranite found just the south of the village of Kotlina. A volcanogenic intercalation in the Złotniki Lubańskie schists developed at 560 Ma and contained xenocrystic zircons that grew in the source at 620 Ma and 600-580 Ma. The schists are interpreted as the metamorphosed equivalent of the Lusatian greywackes, which were derived from a dis-sected arc and deposited in a convergent-margin basin along northern peri-Gondwana. The zircons from the finegrained gneisses yielded four age groups: 515 ± 7 Ma, 500 ± 12 Ma, 487 ± 13 Ma and 471 ± 8 Ma. Similar age groups of zircons can also be found in the coarse-grained metagranites. Rifting of Gondwana during the mid-Cambrian-early Or - dovician was a protracted thermal event lasting ∼30-45 m.y., with episodic attenuation of the mainland crust every ∼5-10 m.y. before continental fragments finally be came separated. Each episode successively promoted an increased heat flux from the mantle that facilitated melting of the crust, causing metamorphism and fusion of the Precambrian Lusatian-Izera basement and a final phase of S-type felsic magmatism. The leucogranite sample yielded zircons in two age groups, 508 ± 5 Ma and 483.1 ± 3.6 Ma, with low Th/U ratios, which is interpreted as a product of an anatectic melting at deeper crustal levels. These leucogranites are in close spatial relation with belts of micaschist, which could mean that these granites used some rheologically weak zones that were introduced into the Izera pluton where large fragments of country rocks were trapped within the ∼500 Ma granites

Influence of the type of fat and air humidity on chosen properties of the lipid fraction in the process of baking shortbread pastries

The results from his study reveal that the type of fat used during the baking of shortbreads had a noticeable influence on the properties of lipid fractions as well as the correlation among these properties (acid value, peroxide value, conjugated dienes and trienes contents). 
 For low-<i>trans</i> fats, the correlation between acid value and peroxide value was inversely proportional; for transcontaining fats this correlation was directly proportional. 
 An increase in air humidity during baking caused a decrease in the melting temperature of the fractions of fats used in the process, compared to fats from pastries baked in dry air. This may be indicative of a product with a high degree of unsaturation in the lipid fraction.<br><br>Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que el tipo de grasa utilizada en el horneado de mantecadas tienen una influencia evidente en las propiedades de la fracción lipídica y una correlación entre estas propiedades (acidez, peróxidos, dienos y trienos conjugados).
 Para grasas bajas en <i>trans</i> la correlación entre la acidez y el índice de peróxido es inversamente proporcional, para grasas conteniendo <i>trans</i> esta correlación fue directamente proporcional.
 Un aumento de la humedad del aire durante el horneado causa una disminución de la temperatura de fusión de las fracciones de grasas utilizadas en el proceso, en comparación con las grasas de repostería horneadas en aire seco. Esto puede indicar la presencia de productos con alto grado de insaturación en las fracciones lipídicas

Bone-Remodeling Transcript Levels Are Independent of Perching in End-of-Lay White Leghorn Chickens

Osteoporosis is a bone disease that commonly results in a 30% incidence of fracture in hens used to produce eggs for human consumption. One of the causes of osteoporosis is the lack of mechanical strain placed on weight-bearing bones. In conventionally-caged hens, there is inadequate space for chickens to exercise and induce mechanical strain on their bones. One approach is to encourage mechanical stress on bones by the addition of perches to conventional cages. Our study focuses on the molecular mechanism of bone remodeling in end-of-lay hens (71 weeks) with access to perches. We examined bone-specific transcripts that are actively involved during development and remodeling. Using real-time quantitative PCR, we examined seven transcripts (COL2A1 (collagen, type II, alpha 1), RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand), OPG (osteoprotegerin), PTHLH (PTH-like hormone), PTH1R (PTH/PTHLH type-1 receptor), PTH3R (PTH/PTHLH type-3 receptor), and SOX9 (Sry-related high mobility group box)) in phalange, tibia and femur. Our results indicate that the only significant effect was a difference among bones for COL2A1 (femur > phalange). Therefore, we conclude that access to a perch did not alter transcript expression. Furthermore, because hens have been used as a model for human bone metabolism and osteoporosis, the results indicate that bone remodeling due to mechanical loading in chickens may be a product of different pathways than those involved in the mammalian model