西村先生講話 第二回

Nexus file containing phased alleles from BDNF sequences of Sunda shelf Crocidura. This alignment was used to generate the gene trees in Figures S1 and S

Data from: Repeated evolution of carnivory among Indo-Australian rodents

Convergent evolution, often observed in island archipelagos, provides compelling evidence for the importance of natural selection as a generator of species and ecological diversity. The Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA) is the world's largest island system and encompasses distinct biogeographic units, including the Asian (Sunda) and Australian (Sahul) continental shelves, which together bracket the oceanic archipelagos of the Philippines and Wallacea. Each of these biogeographic units houses numerous endemic rodents in the family Muridae. Carnivorous murids, i.e., those that feed on animals, have evolved independently in Sunda, Sulawesi (part of Wallacea), the Philippines, and Sahul, but the number of origins of carnivory among IAA murids is unknown. We conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of carnivorous murids of the IAA, combined with estimates of ancestral states for broad diet categories (herbivore, omnivore, and carnivore) and geographic ranges. These analyses demonstrate that carnivory evolved independently four times after over-water colonization, including in situ origins on the Philippines, Sulawesi, and Sahul. In each biogeographic unit the origin of carnivory was followed by evolution of more specialized carnivorous ecomorphs such as vermivores, insectivores, and amphibious rats

MORPHOMETRIC VARIATION OF RATTUS PRAETOR (THOMAS, 1888) COMPLEX FROM PAPUA, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF RATTUS FROM GAG ISLAND

Thirty specimens of Rattus collected from Gag Island, Papua were compareddirectly with two specimens from Gebe Island, one from Salawati Island and sixspecimens from mainland of Papua. All cranial, dental, dentary and external characterswere measured and analysed using multiple regression and discriminant function.The multiple regression showed that only incisive foramina length was influenced bysexual dimorphism. Discriminant function analysis indicated that the form from Gagisland was different from the other populations collected from mainland of Papua,Gebe and Salawati, and thus was described as Rattus nikenii sp. nov

Ancient Divergence Driven by Geographic Isolation and Ecological Adaptation in Forest Dependent Sundaland Tree Squirrels

A surprising amount of hidden phylogenetic diversity exists in the small to medium size, drab colored squirrels of the genus Sundasciurus. This genus is endemic to Sundaland and the Philippines, where it is widespread. An earlier revision of this genus found that the high elevation ‘populations’ of the widespread, lowland slender squirrel (S. tenuis) were different species. Previous phylogenies based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences also suggested that the widespread, lowland Low’s squirrel (S. lowii) and the narrow endemic Fraternal squirrel (S. fraterculus) are not reciprocally monophyletic. Additionally, deep divergences have been identified between lineages within Low’s squirrel that date to the early Pliocene. Here we focus on evaluating the relationships and differences within and between populations of these two nominal species using whole mitochondrial genome sequences, nuclear intron sequences, and morphology. We reassess the taxonomy of this group, revalidate the species status of Robinson’s squirrel (Sundasciurus robinsoni Bonhote, 1903) support the species level recognition of the Natuna squirrel (Sundasciurus natunensis Thomas, 1895) and identify three other lineages that require further study. We estimate times of divergence and integrate geologic history to find that most of the divergences are pre-Pleistocene, and thus predate the Pleistocene flooding of Sundaland. Biogeographic, and ecological factors may have played a more important role than climatic factors in generating these patterns. While divergence in allopatry seems to be the main process driving speciation in lowland Sundaland squirrels (Sundasciurus), ecomorphological and behavioral adaptations in this clade suggest an important role of niche divergence.AH was supported by an Ernst Mayr Travel grant and AMNH Collection Study Grant during museum data collection. This research received support from the SYNTHESYS Project financed by European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 “Capacities” Program. AH was also supported by a Spanish Ministry of Economy contract CGL2014-58793-P. The Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation grant CGL2017-86068-P to JL supported this study. MH was supported by discretionary research funding from Humboldt State University.Peer reviewe

(Rodentia: Muridae) from Sulawesi Island, Indonesia

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Supporting Information Table 1

Dietary data and references

BDNF Alignment

Nexus file containing phased alleles from BDNF sequences of Javan Crocidura. This alignment was used to generate the gene tree in Figure S1

vWF Alignment

Nexus file containing phased alleles from vWF sequences of Javan Crocidura. This alignment was used to generate the gene tree in Figure S1

BRCA1 Alignment

Nexus file containing phased alleles from BRCA1 sequences of Javan Crocidura. This alignment was used to generate the gene tree in Figure S1