New technologies and emergency department excellence

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Incremental value of B-type natriuretic peptide for early risk prediction of infective endocarditis

SummaryBackgroundEarly and accurate risk prediction is an unmet clinical need in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). The aim of this study was to determine the value of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels obtained on admission for the prediction of in-hospital death in IE patients.MethodsBetween 2009 and 2011, consecutive patients with IE diagnosed using the revised Duke criteria and admitted to the emergency department were evaluated prospectively. BNP levels were measured on admission. Death during hospitalization was the primary endpoint.ResultsAmong 104 consecutive patients with IE and with available BNP levels, 34 (32.7%) died in hospital. BNP levels were significantly higher in patients who died as compared to survivors (709.0 pg/ml vs. 177.5 pg/ml, p<0.001). The accuracy of BNP to predict death as quantified by the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.826 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.747–0.905). The value of BNP was additive to that provided by clinical, microbiological, and echocardiography assessment. On multivariate analysis, new heart failure (hazard ratio (HR) 2.02, 95% CI 1.15–3.57, p=0.015), sepsis (HR 2.10, 95% CI 1.25–3.55, p=0.005), Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis (HR 2.67, 95% CI 1.60–4.45, p<0.001), left ventricular ejection fraction ≤55% (HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.00–2.65, p=0.047), and BNP (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.06, p<0.001) were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality.ConclusionAmong patients with IE, BNP levels obtained on admission provide incremental value for early and accurate risk prediction

Evaluation of sympathetic nervous system activity through muscle microneurography in patients with severe aortic regurgitation

Introdução: O papel do sistema nervoso simpático (SNS) na remodelação ventricular esquerda na insuficiência aórtica crônica (IAo) é pouco conhecido. O aumento da atividade do SNS tem associação com remodelamento ventricular e mau prognóstico na insuficiência cardíaca (IC) não valvar, fazendo do seu bloqueio farmacológico importante conduta terapêutica. A despeito de similaridades na evolução clínica da IAo com IC não valvar, não há estudos com mensuração direta da atividade do SNS em IAo. Objetivo: Quantificar a atividade nervosa simpática muscular (ANSM) em pacientes com IAo importante em três situações clínicas, representativas da história natural dessa doença. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal, unicêntrico, incluindo 30 pacientes com IAo importante que foram alocados em três grupos: (I) assintomáticos (n = 10, 70% homens, 37,4 ± 13,6 anos), (II) sintomáticos em pré-operatório de troca de valva aórtica (TVA) (n = 10, 70% homens, 42,2 ± 12,1 anos) e (III) - pós-operatório de TVA (n = 10, 80% homens, 41,2 ± 15,4 anos). Grupo controle formado por voluntários saudáveis sem doença cardíaca estrutural (n = 10) correspondentes para idade, sexo e IMC também foram avaliados. Variáveis clínicas, ecocardiográficas e BNP (peptídeo natriurético atrial) foram analisadas nos grupos. Apenas a pressão arterial sistólica era significativamente menor no grupo III. A ANSM foi mensurada utilizando a técnica padrão de microneurografia muscular (MM). A variável desfecho foi a Resumo média do número de espículas obtidas num registro contínuo de 10 minutos de MM. Resultados: Os grupos IAo não diferiram em relação às características demográficas, antropométricas e ecocardiográficas, assim como etiologia e BNP. A média de espículas obtidas pela MM, representativa da ANSM, nos grupos I, II, III e controle foi, respectivamente, 25,5 ± 4,1, 25,1 ± 3,6, 28,6 ± 6,5 e 15,6 ± 1,5 (p=0,001). Houve apenas diferença estatística entre os grupos IAo e o grupo controle. Conclusão: Houve aumento significativo da ANSM em pacientes com IAo importante associado ao remodelamento ventricular esquerdo em relação a indivíduos sem doença cardíaca estrutural. A ANSM foi similar em pacientes com IAo importante assintomáticos, sintomáticos e em pós-operatório de TVA. A participação da ação do SNS na IAo deve estar associada ao remodelamento ventricular, mas sem correlação com mudanças clínicasIntroduction: The role of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in the left ventricle remodeling of severe aortic regurgitation (AR) remains poorly understood. The increase in SNS activity is associated with ventricular remodeling and poor prognosis in non-valvular heart failure (HF), making its pharmacological blockade an important therapeutic approach. Despite similarities in the clinical evolution of AR with non-valvular HF, there are no studies with direct measurement of SNS activity in AR. Aims: The present study aimed to quantify muscular sympathetic nervous activity (MSNA) in patients with severe AR in three clinical situations: asymptomatic, symptomatic before aortic valve replacement (AVR), and patients submitted to AVR. Methods: Thirty patients with severe AR were allocated to three groups: (I) asymptomatic patients (n=10, 70% men, age: 37.4 ± 13.6), (II) symptomatic patients before AVR (n=10, 70% men, age: 42.2 ± 12.1), and (III) patients submitted to AVR (n=10, 80% men, age: 41.2 ± 15.4). Healthy volunteers (n = 10) matched for age, sex, and BMI were also assessed. The AR groups did not differ in relation to etiology, demographic, anthropometric or echocardiographic data. Only systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in group III. MSNA was recorded using microneurography, with a spike per minute result. Results: The means of 10-minute recordings in groups I, II, III and control were 23.2 ± 6.4, 25.5 ± 4.1, 25.1 ± 3.6 and 15.6 ± 1.5, respectively (p=0.001). Only the AR and control groups differed from each other. Conclusions: AR is associated with relatively higher SNS activity, which is similar across different stages of the disease (asymptomatic, symptomatic and postoperative). The role of the SNS in AR must be associated with ventricular remodeling, but without correlation with clinical chang