Desempenho de bezerros Nelore em pastagem tropical consumindo diferentes tipos de suplementos concentrados

Foi avaliada a utilização de tipos de suplementos concentrados sobre o desempenho de bezerros Nelore em pasto de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu na época seca. O experimento foi conduzido em 24ha divididos em 12 piquetes. Foram utilizados 72 bezerros com peso corporal (PC) inicial de 176±14kg por 140 dias de experimento. Os tratamentos foram: mineral, mineral+ureia (mineral com 30% de ureia); proteinado (suplemento com 45% de PB e 46% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT)); suplemento energético (suplemento com 28% de PB e 73% de NDT). Mineral, mineral+ureia e proteinado foram fornecidos ad libitum, e o suplemento proteico-energético 5g/kg de PC. O consumo do suplemento (g/kg de PC) foi maior (P0,05). O maior (P0,05). Todos estes foram superiores (P 0.05). The highest (P 0.05), but were significantly higher (P< 0.05) than the Mineral (-0.085). Therefore, during the dry season, to prevent the loss of bovine weight the supplements must supply in addition to minerals, also energy, non-protein nitrogen (NNP), and true protein

Sulfur sources in protein supplements for ruminants

The present study evaluates the efficiency of different sulfur sources for ruminant nutrition. The fiber digestibility and the amino acid profile were analyzed in the duodenal digesta of crossbred steers fed Brachiaria dictyoneurahay. The sources utilized were elemental sulfur (ES70S), elemental sulfur (ES98S); calcium sulfate in hydrated (HCS), CaSO4.2H2O, and anhydrous (ACS), CaSO4, forms; and ammonium sulfate (AS), (NH4)2SO4, keeping a nitrogen:sulfur ratio of 11:1. The iso-protein supplements had 50% of protein in the total dry matter (DM). Five Holstein × Zebu steers, which were fistulated in the rumen and abomasum, were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square. The different sulfur sources in the supplement did not affect any of the evaluated nutritional factors, such as intake of hay dry matter and protein supplement, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), organic matter (OM), non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC), ether extract (EE), total digestible nutrients (TDN), NDFap and CP digestibility coefficients, ruminal pH, and ruminal ammonia concentration. The concentrations of amino acids available in the abomasal digesta did not differ significantly in the tested diets. The sulfur sources evaluated in the present study are suitable as supplement for cattle, and their employment may be important to avoid environmental contaminations

Strategies for the use of cane sugar in the diet of dairy heifers: relationship between urea, true protein and starch

Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, metabolismo de nitrogênio, degradabilidade efetiva e repleção ruminal em novilhas leiteiras alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar e relações entre ureia, proteína verdadeira e amido. Sendo que os animais (onze novilhas com peso vivo inicial de 250±31 kg) foram distribuídos em dois quadrados latinos, 6 x 6 e 5 x 5, para os Experimentos 1 e 2, respectivamente. Os períodos foram compostos por 23 dias, sendo 10 dias para adaptação e 13 dias de coletas. Foi utilizada cana-de-açúcar como fonte volumosa para os dois Experimentos, com adição de ureia + sulfato de amônio (9:1) para correção do teor protéico, sendo diluídos e misturados a cana antes da alimentação dos animais. No Experimento 1 foram utilizados dois níveis de ureia, 10 e 14 g ureia/kg MN de cana, sendo que para cada um dos níveis foi disponibilizado aos animais 1,5 kg/dia de concentrados a base de milho triturado, farelo de soja e suplemento mineral, com diferentes teores de proteína bruta: 180, 200 e 220 g/kg de matéria seca. No Experimento 2, foram utilizadas relações de amido:fibra no concentrado: 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 e 40:60 (a ureia+sulfato de amônio adicionado ao volumoso foi de 10 g ureia/kg MN de cana). Foi oferecido 1,5 kg de concentrado constituído de milho triturado, farelo de soja, farelo de trigo e suplemento mineral. A avaliação do consumo foi realizada do 10 ao 15° dia de cada período com pesagens diárias da quantidade de dieta fornecida e das sobras em cada tratamento. A digestibilidade aparente total foi determinada utilizando o método indireto com o indicador óxido crômico, fornecido do 1º ao 14º dia de cada período experimental. As amostras de fezes foram coletadas entre o 10º e 15º dia de cada período com intervalos de 26 horas. A estimativa dos parâmetros da cinética de passagem de partículas pelo trato gastrintestinal dos animais foi determinada a partir do ajuste do modelo bicompartimental (gama para um compartimento e exponencial para outro), aos dados de excreção fecal do indicador Lantânio, fixado a parede celular da cana-de-açúcar. Do 17° ao 23° dia de cada período foram coletadas amostras de fezes nos tempos 0, 8, 16, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72, 84, 96, 120 e 144 horas após incubação do da fibra marcada. Para estimativa dos parâmetros de degradabilidade ruminal da fibra da cana-de-açúcar e suas distintas partes (topo, casca e colmo) foi adotada a técnica in situ, utilizando três animais fistulados no rúmen. As amostras foram incubadas nos tempos 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 e 144 horas, sendo três repetições para cada alimento e cada tempo. O aumento dos níveis de nitrogênio não protéico na forma de ureia em dietas com cana-de-açúcar como volumoso (10 para 14 g de ureia/kg MN cana) para novilhas leiteiras não afeta o aproveitamento de nutrientes pelos animais, apresentando consumo, digestibilidade da matéria seca semelhantes e menores valores de degradabilidade efetiva da fibra e repleção ruminal. A inclusão de amido em níveis crescentes e a redução da fibra em dietas com cana-de-açúcar mais ureia para novilhas leiteiras não apresenta mudanças na degradabilidade efetiva da FDN da cana e na repleção ruminal. O colmo apresenta maior degradabilidade efetiva da FDN em relação a casca e ponta da cana-de-açúcar.This study aimed to evaluate intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, degradability and rumen fill in dairy heifers fed cane sugar and urea relations, trueprotein and starch. Since the animals (eleven heifers with initial body weight of 250 ± 31 kg) were divided into two Latin squares, 6 x 6 and 5 x 5, for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The periods were made for 23 days, with 10 days for adaptation and 13 days of collection. We used cane sugar as a source for both bulky Experiments with added urea + ammonium sulfate (9:1) to correct the protein content being diluted and mixed with sugar before feeding the animals. In Experiment 1 we used two levels of urea, 10 and 14 g urea / kg MN cane, and for each level was made available to the animals 1.5 kg / day concentrates the basis of ground corn, soybean meal and mineral supplement, with different levels of crude protein: 180, 200 and 220 g / kg dry matter. In Experiment 2, we used relations starch: fiber in the concentrate: 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 and 40:60 (urea + ammonium sulfate was added to the bulky 10 g urea / kg MN cane). Was offered 1.5 kg of concentrate containing ground corn, soybean meal, wheat bran and mineral supplement. The intake assessment was conducted from the 10 to 15th day of each period with daily weighing the amount of diet fed and orts for each treatment. The apparent digestibility was determined using the indirect method with chromic oxide indicator, provided the 1st to the 14th day of each experimental period. Stool samples were collected between the 10th and 15th day of each period at intervals of 26 hours. The estimation of kinetic parameters of particle passage through the gastrointestinal tract of the animals was determined from the adjustment compartment model (gamma exponential and a compartment to another), the data for Fecal excretion of Lanthanum indicator, set the cell wall cane -cane. From 17 ° to 23 days of each period stool samples were collected at times 0, 8, 16, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72, 84, 96, 120 and 144 hours after Incubation of labeled fiber. To estimate parameters of ruminal degradability of fiber from sugar cane and its various parts (top and stem bark)was adopted in situ technique, using three animals rumen. The samples were incubated at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours, with three replicates for each food and every time. The increased levels of non-protein nitrogen as urea in diets with sugar cane as forage (10 to 14 g of urea / kg cane MN) for dairy heifers does not affect the utilization of nutrients by the animals, with intake, digestibility similar dry matter and lower values of effective degradability of fiber and rumen fill. The inclusion of starch in increasing levels and lower fiber diets with cane sugar more urea for dairy heifers shows no changes in NDF cane and rumen fill. The stem has a higher NDF compared to shell and tip of cane sugar.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

Evaluation of kinetics of gastrointestinal transit of bulky using different mathematical models and indicators in cattle

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a cinética de trânsito gastrintestinal de volumosos utilizando diferentes modelos matemáticos e indicadores em bovinos. Utilizou-se quatro novilhos Holandês-Zebu, fistulados no rúmen, distribuídos em delineamento experimental quadrado latino 4 x 4, e mantidos em confinamentos em baias individuais recebendo diariamente 1 kg de concentrado e volumoso à vontade. Os tratamentos experimentais foram constituídos de quatro fontes de fibra, sendo elas: silagem de milho (Zea mays), cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum), feno de rami (Boehmeria nívea) e feno de tífton (Cynodon spp). O concentrado das dietas foi constituído de milho triturado, farelo de soja, uréia e suplemento mineral. Foram utilizados os modelos G1&#8594; G1&#8594;O, proposto por Grovum e Williams (1973), G1(n)&#8594; O proposto por Dhanoa et al. (1985) e G2&#8594; G1&#8594;O proposto por Pond et al. (1988) para estimativa de taxa de passagem de partículas e os modelos G1&#8594; proposto por Colluci et al. (1990) e G2&#8594;proposto por Ellis et al. (1994), para estimativa de taxa de passagem de fluidos. Utilizou-se o cromo mordente e itérbio como indicadores de fase sólida e cobalto-EDTA como indicadores de fase líquida. As comparações entre modelos foram efetuadas por meio de análise dos resíduos padronizados e o desvio padrão assintótico. Dentre os modelos e marcadores estudados, para avaliar a cinética de partículas, o modelo G1(n)&#8594; O (multicompartimental, proposto por DHANOA et al., 1985) e o indicador cromo registraram melhor ajuste, para a taxa de passagem de partículas de fontes de fibra distintas. O modelo G2&#8594; (tempo-independente, proposto por Ellis et al. 1994) obteve melhores resultados, comprovando que existe a dependência do tempo para que haja uma mistura dos fluidos já existentes com os que estão sendo inseridos no compartimento.The objective of this research was to assess the kinetics of gastrointestinal transit of bulky using different mathematical models and indicators in cattle. It was used four Flemish-Zebu steers, fistulated in the rumen, distributed in experimental design 4 x 4 Latin square, and kept in confinement in individual stalls receiving daily 1 kg of concentrate and forage freely. The experimental treatments consisted of four sources of fiber, which were: silage corn (Zea mays), sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), hay of ramie (Boehmeria nivea) and hay from tifton (Cynodon spp). The concentrate diet consisted of ground corn, soybean meal, urea and mineral supplement. We used the models G1 &#8594; G1 &#8594; O, proposed by Grovum and Williams (1973), G1 (n) &#8594; The proposed by Dhanoa et al. (1985) and G2 &#8594; G1 &#8594; The proposed by Pond et al. (1988) to estimate the passage rate of particles and the models proposed by G1 &#8594; Colluci et al. (1990) and G2 &#8594; proposed by Ellis et al. (1994) to estimate the rate of movement of fluids. We used the chrome mordant and Ytterbium as indicators of solid phase and cobalt-EDTA as indicators of the liquid phase. Comparisons between models were made by means of waste analysis and standard deviation standardized asymptotic. Among the models and markers studied to assess the kinetics of particles, the model G1 (n) &#8594; O (multicompartmental, proposed by Dhanoa et al., 1985) and the indicator registered chrome best fit for the passage rate of particles from sources Fiber distinct. The model G2 &#8594; (time-independent, proposed by Ellis et al. 1994) obtained better results, showing that the dependence of time to have a mixture of fluids existing with being inserted into the compartment.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

Sulfur sources in protein supplements for ruminants

The present study evaluates the efficiency of different sulfur sources for ruminant nutrition. The fiber digestibility and the amino acid profile were analyzed in the duodenal digesta of crossbred steers fed Brachiaria dictyoneura hay. The sources utilized were elemental sulfur (ES70S), elemental sulfur (ES98S); calcium sulfate in hydrated (HCS), CaSO4.2H2O, and anhydrous (ACS), CaSO4, forms; and ammonium sulfate (AS), (NH4)2SO4, keeping a nitrogen:sulfur ratio of 11:1. The iso-protein supplements had 50% of protein in the total dry matter (DM). Five Holstein × Zebu steers, which were fistulated in the rumen and abomasum, were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square. The different sulfur sources in the supplement did not affect any of the evaluated nutritional factors, such as intake of hay dry matter and protein supplement, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), organic matter (OM), non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC), ether extract (EE), total digestible nutrients (TDN), NDFap and CP digestibility coefficients, ruminal pH, and ruminal ammonia concentration. The concentrations of amino acids available in the abomasal digesta did not differ significantly in the tested diets. The sulfur sources evaluated in the present study are suitable as supplement for cattle, and their employment may be important to avoid environmental contaminations

Dairy calves fed with milk replacer in substitution to whole milk

The objective of this study was to evaluate milk replacer as substitute of whole milk in suckling calves, during early weaning at 60 days of life. Therefore, were used 24 Girolando breed calves, distributed in a randomized block design with six treatments and four replications. The treatments were: T1- Whole milk until weaning, T2- Milk replacer supplied from the 5thº day after birth, T3- Milk replacer supplied from the 10thº day after birth, T4- Milk replacer supplied from the 15thº day after birth, T5- Milk replacer supplied from the 20thº day after birth and T6- Milk replacer supplied from the 25thº day after birth. All animals also received concentrated ration and water ad libitum. Calves fed whole milk showed higher body growth (withers, croup and thorax) and daily weight gain and lower feed:gain ratio as to those fed milk replacer from 5 to 10 days old; however, there were no differences in the animals receiving milk replacer from the 15, 20 and 25  days old. The analysis of benefit/cost indicated that animals receiving whole milk are economically superior in ratio to those fed with milk replacer. It concludes that the calves receiving milk replacer from 15th day of life had a similar performance to the animals receiving whole milk