Multiple State Representation Scheme for Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells: A Novel Analysis Perspective

The physics of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells is studied within a six state model, which is used to analyze the factors that affect current-voltage characteristics, power-voltage properties and efficiency, and their dependence on nonradiative losses, reorganization of the nuclear environment, and environmental polarization. Both environmental reorganization and polarity is explicitly taken into account by incorporating Marcus heterogeneous and homogeneous electron transfer rates. The environmental polarity is found to have a nonnegligible influence both on the stationary current and on the overall solar cell performance. For our organic bulk heterojunction solar cell operating under steady-state open circuit condition, we also find that the open circuit voltage logarithmically decreases with increasing nonradiative electron-hole recombination processes.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Soil organic matter characterization in rubber based systems in central Kerala - A spectroscopic approach

Land use and agro-management practices influence the quantity and quality of soil organic matter. Soil properties to a large extent are influenced by the content and nature of soil organic matter. A field study was conducted in two locations, one at Amayannoor and the other at Mundakayam in Kottayam district, Kerala to undertake the spectroscopic characterization of soil organic matter. The four rubber systems investigated at Amayannoor were mature rubber, immature rubber with cover crop Pueraria phaseoloides, immature rubber with inter-crop banana and immature rubber with inter crop pineapple. At Mundakayam, mature rubber, immature rubber with cover crop Mucuna bracteata, immature rubber with inter crop banana, and immature rubber with inter crop pineapple were investigated. Both, UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopic studies were carried out. Soil organic matter under mature rubber was observed to be more aromatic than soil under immature systems at both locations. Among the different immature systems, the soil organic matter in rubber-Pueraria system showed the presence of more carbohydrates and polysaccharides than rubber-pineapple and rubber-banana systems. However, rubber-Mucuna system showed relatively higher aromaticity than rubber-pineapple and rubber-banana systems. This study confirms the earlier reports about the faster decomposition of soil organic matter in rubber-Pueraria system and slower decomposition of soil organic matter in mature rubber plantation. This spectral investigation also revealed the specific nature viz., higher aromaticity of the soil organic matter in rubber-Mucuna system which contributed towards the buildup of soil carbon in the system

Verbal Extensions: Valency Decreasing Extensions in The Basà Language

This work investigates verbal extensions that affect the valency of verbs in the Basà language (Western Kainji). It focuses on verbal inflections that result in the reduction of the verb’s valency by one argument with regard to the basic structure. This current study attempts to investigate the morphosyntactic effects of reciprocal and reflexive affixes in the Basà sentences. The significance of this work hinges on the fact that no known work has described these processes in Basà. The language is endangered because its native speakers neglect speaking it in favour of English and Hausa. Furthermore, there is dearth of information on Basà, especially in areas of morphology and syntax, which are basic to the study of language. This study will therefore attempt to fill this existing gap in the literature. In addition to the native intuitions of one of the researchers, as a native speaker of the Basà language, data collected for this work include discourse observation, staged and elicited spoken data from fluent native speakers. It was found in the study that affixes attached to the verb root result in deriving an intransitive verb from a transitive one, and a transitive verb from a bi- or ditransitive. Both operations are triggered by verbal extensions and move the internal argument (object) to the subject position. The derived structure, therefore, is headed by a complex noun phrase but the verb no longer subcategorizes an internal argument. The work explores the morphosyntax of Basà verbs and serves as a springboard for this aspect of Basà morphosyntax. It also contributes to the morphosyntactic literature

TO IDENTIFY, EVALUATE, AND ANALYZE THE POSSIBLE DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS IN PATIENTS DIAGNOSED AS TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS WITH HYPERTENSION IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL

Objective: To identify, evaluate, and analyze the possible drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in patients diagnosed as Type 2 diabetes mellitus withhypertension in a tertiary care teaching hospital Davangere.Methods: This prospective interventional study was conducted for a period of 6 months. Data were collected from patients who were prescribed withat least one antidiabetic drug and at least one antihypertensive drug at the same time. Data were analyzed for DDIs by using software Micromedex andother resources. Results were notified to the physicians for modification or alteration in the drug therapy.Results: A total of 150 patients were analyzed out of which, 60.67% were male, and the rest 39.33% were female. In terms of interactions present,95 (63.33%) prescriptions had one or more interactions. Antihypertensive drugs most frequently seen in prescriptions were diuretics (24.44%). Antidiabeticdrugs seen frequently prescribed are biguanides (34.36%). A total of 167 possible DDIs were obtained. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors weremost frequently involved antihypertensive drug in DDIs, with 60 of all possible DDIs identified. Insulin and biguanides were most frequently involvedantidiabetic drugs in DDIs, with 58 each of all possible DDIs identified. Most frequently interacting drug pair was insulin + metformin (n=19).Conclusion: For every possible DDIs found in the prescription, the appropriate intervention was advised from the investigator's part as well asprovision for a physician to review and initiate modification of his choice.Keywords: Hypertension, Possible drug-drug interaction, Type 2 diabetes mellitus.Â