Visualisation of ribosomal subunits interaction reveals 80s ribosomes in the nucleus of Drosophila cells

In eukaryotes, transcription and RNA processing events are spatially separated from translation by the nuclear envelope. Although ribosomal subunits are synthesised and assembled in the nucleus, it is believed that they are kept inactive whilst in the nucleus. Yet, there were observations from this and other laboratories that suggest translation can occur in the nucleus. To further investigate whether translating ribosomes exist in the nucleus, I employed a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) 80S reporter based technique previously developed in our laboratory that detects 80S assembly in $Drosophila$ cells. The initial characterization indicated that the assay reports ribosomal subunit interaction, but other explanations could not be excluded. My first aim was to assess whether this technique is genuinely reporting translation-dependent subunits association. My results were consistent with the assay reporting 80S ribosomes formed as a consequence of translation. Following up from this, I developed a similar technique with Venus, which resulted in a more sensitive 80S reporter. While the 80S signal was more apparent in the cytoplasm, in both cell culture and fly tissue cells, a fraction of the cells showed a signal in the nucleus, particularly concentrated in the nucleolus. This signal was enhanced by translation elongation inhibitors in both cytoplasm and nucleus indicating that the detected 80S are engaged in translation. Notably, the nucleolar signal was prevented by RNA Pol II inhibition, suggesting that the 80S might be associated with mRNA in the nucleolus

From Criticism to Extrimism: An Analysis of Boko Haram’s Approach to Modernism

Nigeria is a country which is full of ethno-religious and political conflicts. Many groups emerged and are, in one way or the other, causing unrest in the country especially: Oduduwa Peoples’ Congress (OPC), the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB), the Igbo Youth Congress (IYC), Igbo Peoples’ Congress (IPC), Niger Delta Volunteer Force (NDVF), Niger Delta Resistant Movement (NDRM), Movement for the Survival of the Izon Nationality of the Niger Delta (MOSIEND), Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) and others. However, in recent time, an Islamic group under the name of Boko Haram came into scene, and based their arguments on political and theological issues, claiming the revival of the Muslim community and restoring its caliphate nature. Their methods in confronting problems, their ideologies and their philosophical and political views can be compared with those of Islamic State (IS).This phenomenon has further thrown the entire northern parts of Nigeria into chaos and tumults. Many innocents, men and women, children and adults have been killed. This study therefore, attempts to explore the ideologies, the political and philosophical views and the aims and objectives of the Islamist movement with special reference to the movement of Boko Haram in the federal republic of Nigeria

Recent studies implicate the nucleolus as the major site of nuclear translation

The nucleolus is the most prominent morphological feature within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and is best known for its role in ribosome biogenesis. It forms around highly transcribed ribosomal RNA gene repeats which yield precursor rRNAs that are co-transcriptionally processed, folded and, while still within the nucleolus, associate with most of the ribosomal proteins. The nucleolus is therefore often thought of as a factory for making ribosomal subunits, which are exported as inactive precursors to the cytoplasm where late maturation makes them capable of mRNA binding and translation initiation. However, recent studies have shown substantial evidence for the presence of functional, translation competent ribosomal subunits within the nucleus, particularly in the nucleolus. These observations raise the intriguing possibility that the nucleolus, as well as being a ribosome factory, is also an important nuclear protein-synthesis plant.</jats:p