Construction of Prioritized T-Way Test Suite Using Bi-Objective Dragonfly Algorithm

Software testing is important for ensuring the reliability of software systems. In software testing, effective test case generation is essential as an alternative to exhaustive testing. For improving the software testing technology, the t-way testing technique combined with metaheuristic algorithm has been great to analyze a large number of combinations for getting optimal solutions. However, most of the existing t-way strategies consider test case weights while generating test suites. Priority of test cases hasn’t been fully considered in previous works, but in practice, it’s frequently necessary to distinguish between high-priority and low-priority test cases. Therefore, the significance of test case prioritization is quite high. For this reason, this paper has proposed a t-way strategy that implements an adaptive Dragonfly Algorithm (DA) to construct prioritized t-way test suites. Both test case weight and test case priority have equal significance during test suite generation in this strategy. We have designed and implemented a Bi-objective Dragonfly Algorithm (BDA) for prioritized t-way test suite generation, and the two objectives are test case weight and test case priority. The test results demonstrate that BDA performs competitively against existing t-way strategies in terms of test suite size, and in addition, BDA generates prioritized test suites.©2022 Authors. Published by IEEE. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

The Impact of Augmented Reality on Vocabulary Acquisition in Iran

This paper explores gender differences among the students that used augmented reality (AR) in Iranian secondary schools. Vocabulary learning is considered as basic in foreign language acquisition, and it has a great importance in Iranian language education. Participants of the study were both female and male students due to the fact Iranian schools are considered gender-based. The Iranian education system is not based on co-education, and for this reason male and female students attend different schools. The current study is based on experimental design, and data was collected using pre-test and post-test. The findings show that there are no differences in learning English vocabulary due to gender among the Iranian students who use the AR-based approach

Effect of Different Supplement on Degradation of Dry Matter and Fiber of Untreated and Urea Treated Rice Straw in the Rumen of Sheep

The study was conducted to investigate the degradation of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergentfiber (NDF) of urea untreated (URS) and urea treated rice straw (TRS) incubated in the rumen of sheepfed different diet. Three fistulated sheep were fed on urea-treated rice straw basal diet with threesupplemental treatment diets which consisted of control diet (T0) mulberry and molasses; mulberry,rice bran and urea (T1); and rice bran and urea (T2). Either URS or TRS was placed in nylon bags andincubated in the rumen at 0, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Parameters recorded were degradation of DMand NDF, rumen pH, rumen ammonia. The results showed that DM degradability of URS of the diet T1was significantly lower than other diets. Similarly the URS degradability of rumen-insoluble fraction(b) of DM and NDF of T1 diet was significantly lower than those of T0 and T2 diet. DM and NDFdegradability of URS was not affected by diets. The rumen ammonia concentration of T1 and T2 wassignificantly higher than those T0, but still higher than critical ammonia concentration required forrumen microbial synthesis. These results suggest that different supplementations have no significanteffect on DM and NDF degradability of TRS

The Application of Ansys-Fluent Software for Aerodynamic Analysis on Rectangular and Moderate Swept Wing Planform

ANSYS-Fluent software represents a CFD software having the capability for solving various engineering flow problems. Besides offering a variety of flow solvers, this software also offers various type of turbulence model can be used in the flow analysis. The present work focuses on the use of this software applied to two type wing models, a moderately swept wing and (2) a rectangular wing planform. The moderately swept wing geometry and experimental data were obtained from AGARD AR-138, whereas the rectangular wing planform was obtained from RTO-TR-026. The first model evaluated by using five different turbulent models, namely (1) Spalart-Allmaras, (2) k-ε Standard, (3) k-ε Realizable, (4) k-ω Standard and (5) k-ω SST turbulence models. Comparisons result with AGARD shows that all turbulent models are able to provide in a good agreement. However, Spalart-Allmaras and k-ω SST turbulence models give less CPU time than the others. These two turbulent models then applied to the case of a rectangular wing plan form. The result from the second test case, the k-ω SST turbulence models, give a more accurate result compared to the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence models. It gives a better result compared with the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence models. The k-ω SST turbulence model makes the ANSYS-Fluent result just differ 11.5% from the experiment result while for the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model differs 14.05%.  Here it can be concluded that k-ω SST turbulence mode may represent a suitable turbulence model for solving flow over a rectangular wing to the moderate swept wing plan form

The Relationship Between Food Pattern and Hemoglobin Level in Pregnant Women at Maros, South Sulawesi

Food consumption pattern is known as a determinant factor for nutritional problems among pregnant mothers. This study was intended to assess food consumption and its relationship to anemia in Maros Districts, Indonesia. This study was conducted in two sub-districts and pregnant mothers was randomly selected (n = 200) and proportionally from both districts. Data was collected by train field workers including measurement of hemoglobin, height and weight, 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate analyses were performed to see the relationship between food consumption and anemia. It showed that anemia prevalence was 41% whereas mostly in mild and moderate levels (44% and 55% respectively). The most common pattern of food consumption was rice, fish, and some vegetables. However, vegetables and fruit mostly consumed only 3-6 time a week. Energy and protein intakes were only 59% to 72% recommended dietary allowance (RDA) or 1300 kcal and 48 gr respectively. Most vitamin was consumed only around 40% except for vitamin A (76%, 605 RE), folic acid (195%, 1170 ug), and Vitamin B12 (142%, 3,7 ug). However, iron and zinc intakes were only 6.1 gr (17.5% RDA) and 5.9 gr (44% RDA), respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that education duration of mothers, nutritional status, iron tablet intakes, vitamin C, and B6 consumption were significantly related to anemia of pregnant mothers in the study and accounted for 24% (p<0.05). We conclude that food consumption was relatively low and caused lack intakes for both macro and micro nutrients of pregnant mothers in the  study. Education and nutritional status of the mothers contributed also to the anemia prevalence

Development of new all-optical signal regeneration technique

All-optical signal regeneration have been the active research area since last decade due to evolution of nonlinear optical signal processing. Existing all-optical signal regeneration techniques are agitated in producing low Bit Error Rate (BER) of 10-10 at below than -10 dBm power received. In this paper, a new all-optical signal regeneration technique is developed by using phase sensitive amplification and designed optical phase locked signal mechanism. The developed all-optical signal regeneration technique is tested for different 10 Gb/s Differential Phase Shift Keying degraded signals. It is determined that the designed all-optical signal regeneration technique is able to provide signal regeneration with noise mitigation for degraded signals. It is analyzed that overall, for all degraded test signals, average BER of 10-13 is achieved at received power of -14 dBm. The designed technique will be helpful to enhance the performance of existing signal regeneration systems in the presence of severe noise by providing minimum BER at low received power

Construction of prioritized t-way test suite using Bi-objective Dragonfly Algorithm

Software testing is important for ensuring the reliability of software systems. In software testing, effective test case generation is essential as an alternative to exhaustive testing. For improving the software testing technology, the t-way testing technique combined with metaheuristic algorithm has been great to analyze a large number of combinations for getting optimal solutions. However, most of the existing t-way strategies consider test case weights while generating test suites. Priority of test cases hasn’t been fully considered in previous works, but in practice, it’s frequently necessary to distinguish between high-priority and low-priority test cases. Therefore, the significance of test case prioritization is quite high. For this reason, this paper has proposed a t-way strategy that implements an adaptive Dragonfly Algorithm (DA) to construct prioritized t-way test suites. Both test case weight and test case priority have equal significance during test suite generation in this strategy. We have designed and implemented a Bi-objective Dragonfly Algorithm (BDA) for prioritized t-way test suite generation, and the two objectives are test case weight and test case priority. The test results demonstrate that BDA performs competitively against existing t-way strategies in terms of test suite size, and in addition, BDA generates prioritized test suites

On Convergence and Threshold Properties of Discrete Lotka-Volterra Population Protocols

In this work we focus on a natural class of population protocols whose dynamics are modelled by the discrete version of Lotka-Volterra equations. In such protocols, when an agent $a$ of type (species) $i$ interacts with an agent $b$ of type (species) $j$ with $a$ as the initiator, then $b$'s type becomes $i$ with probability $P\_{ij}$. In such an interaction, we think of $a$ as the predator, $b$ as the prey, and the type of the prey is either converted to that of the predator or stays as is. Such protocols capture the dynamics of some opinion spreading models and generalize the well-known Rock-Paper-Scissors discrete dynamics. We consider the pairwise interactions among agents that are scheduled uniformly at random. We start by considering the convergence time and show that any Lotka-Volterra-type protocol on an $n$-agent population converges to some absorbing state in time polynomial in $n$, w.h.p., when any pair of agents is allowed to interact. By contrast, when the interaction graph is a star, even the Rock-Paper-Scissors protocol requires exponential time to converge. We then study threshold effects exhibited by Lotka-Volterra-type protocols with 3 and more species under interactions between any pair of agents. We start by presenting a simple 4-type protocol in which the probability difference of reaching the two possible absorbing states is strongly amplified by the ratio of the initial populations of the two other types, which are transient, but "control" convergence. We then prove that the Rock-Paper-Scissors protocol reaches each of its three possible absorbing states with almost equal probability, starting from any configuration satisfying some sub-linear lower bound on the initial size of each species. That is, Rock-Paper-Scissors is a realization of a "coin-flip consensus" in a distributed system. Some of our techniques may be of independent value