Explaining telecoms and electricity internationalization in the European Union: a political economy perspective

One consequence of the liberalization of certain services in the European Union was that a number of formerly inward-looking incumbents in telecommunications and electricity rapidly transformed themselves into some of the world’s leading Multinationals. However, the precise relationship between liberalization and incumbent internationalization is contested. This article tests three persuasive arguments derived from the political economy literature on this relationship. The first claims that those incumbents most exposed to domestic liberalization would internationalise most. The second asserts the opposite: incumbents operating where liberalization was restricted could exploit monopolistic rents to finance their aggressive internationalisation. The third argument claims that a diversity of paths will be adopted by countries and incumbents vis-à-vis liberalization and internationalization. Using correlation and cluster analysis of the sample of all major EU telecoms and electricity incumbent Multinationals evidence is found in favour of the third hypothesis. Internationalization as a response to liberalization took diverse forms in terms of timing and extent and this is best explained using a country, sector and firm logic

The Presidency and the Executive Branch in Latin America: What We Know and What We Need to Know

The presidential politics literature depicts presidents either as all- powerful actors or figureheads and seeks to explain outcomes accordingly. Th e president and the executive branch are nonetheless usually treated as black boxes, particularly i n developing countries, even though the presidency has evolved into an extremely complex branch of government. While these developments have been studied in the U nited States, far less i s known in other countries, particularly in Latin America, where presi dential systems have been considered the source of all goods and evils. To help close the knowledge gap and explore differences in policymaking characteristics not only between Latin America and the US but also across Latin American countries, this paper s ummarizes the vast literature on the organization and resources of the Executive Branch in the Americas and sets a research agenda for the study of Latin American presidencies.Fil: Bonvecchi, Alejandro. Universidad Torcuato Di Tella. Departamento de Ciencia Política y Estudios Internacionales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Scartascini, Juan Carlos. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo; Estados Unido

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Background: Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. // Methods: We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung's disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. // Findings: We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung's disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middle-income countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in low-income countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. // Interpretation: Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Educaci?n ambiental a partir de la identificaci?n de problemas de la comunidad para estudiantes de grado quinto de la Instituci?n Educativa T?cnica Francisco Juli?n Olaya sede la Lindosa

97 p. Recurso Electr?nicoEsta investigaci?n se hace desde una comprensi?n de la educaci?n ambiental como eje que integra lo social y lo natural, comprendiendo a las comunidades como actores centrales en la comprensi?n y acci?n sobre sus realidades ambientales. Puntualizar, ubicar y reconocer los problemas y sus consecuencias, admitir que nos afectan, conocer sus mecanismos, aportar el valorar significativo como importante, incentivar el deseo, sentir la necesidad de formar parte de la soluci?n, elegir las mejores opciones o estrategias con los recursos m?s apropiados. Por lo anterior se plantea como pregunta de investigaci?n: ?C?mo la identificaci?n de los problemas de la comunidad se convierte en punto de partida para la educaci?n ambiental de estudiantes de grado 5 de primaria de la Instituci?n Educativa T?cnica Francisco Juli?n Olaya Sede La Lindosa? De forma consecuente para dar respuesta a la anterior pregunta se plantea como objetivo general Dise?ar una propuesta para la ense?anza de la educaci?n ambiental a partir de la identificaci?n de problemas de la comunidad de los estudiantes de la Instituci?n Educativa T?cnica Francisco Juli?n Olaya Sede La Lindosa. Teniendo en cuenta que dichos educandos no toman decisiones de forma directa sobre el entorno, forman parte de la sociedad por lo que son objeto de atenci?n de esta investigaci?n. Finalmente se muestran los resultados, conclusiones obtenidas y recomendaciones que surgen de este ejercicio investigativo, esperando que sirva como fuente de partida a futuras investigaciones Palabras clave: Ambiente, educaci?n ambiental, patrimonio natural, comunidad, contaminaci?nThis research is made from an understanding of environmental education as an axis that integrates the social and the natural, understanding communities as central actors in understanding and acting on their environmental realities. Point out, locate and acknowledge the problems and their consequences, admit that they affect us, know their mechanisms, provide significant value as important, encourage desire, feel the need to be part of the solution, choose the best options or strategies with the most appropriate resources. Therefore, the research question is: How does the identification of community problems become the starting point for environmental education of 5th grade students of the Technical Educational Institution Francisco Juli?n Olaya Sede La Lindosa? In order to respond to the previous question, a general objective is to design a proposal for the teaching of environmental education based on the identification of problems in the community of the students of the Technical Educational Institution Francisco Juli?n Olaya Sede La Lindosa. Taking into account that these students do not make decisions directly about the environment, they are part of society and therefore they are the object of attention in this research. Finally, the results, conclusions and recommendations that emerge from this research exercise are shown, with the hope that it will serve as a starting point for future research. Keywords: environment, environmental education, natural heritage, community, pollution